Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. are free-living amoebae that are ubiquitously distributed in the environment and can cause encephalomyelitis in animals and humans. The factors that contribute to Acanthamoeba infections include parasite biology, genetic diversity, environmental spread, and host susceptibility. The aim of the present study was to characterize isolates of Acanthamoeba from the nasal mucosa and cutaneous lesions of dogs in order to access the occurence and pathogenicity of these organisms in this animal group. We studied 13 isolates of Acanthamoeba confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. They were sequenced, the genotype was determined, and their potential of pathogenicity was evaluated.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ayers KM, Billups LH, Garner FM (1972) Acanthamoebiasis in a dog. Vet Pathol 9:221–226
Bauer RW, Harrison LR, Waton CW, Styer EL, Chapman WL Jr (1993) Isolation of Acanthamoeba sp. from a greyhound with pneumonia and granulomatous amebic encephalitis. J Vet Diagn Invest 5:386–391
Booton GC, Rogerson A, Bonilla TD, Seal DV, Kelly DJ, Beattie TK, Tomlinson A, Lares-Villa F, Fuerst PA, Byers TJ (2004) Molecular and physiological evaluation of subtropical environmental isolates of Acanthamoeba spp., causal agent of Acanthamoeba keratitis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 51:192–200
Brofman PJ, Knostman KAD, Bartola SP (2003) Granulomatous amebic meningoencephalitis causing the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 17(2):230–234
Carlesso AM, Artuso GL, Caumo K, Rott MB (2010) Potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba isolated from a hospital in Brazil. Curr Microbiol 60:185–190
Caumo K, Frasson AP, Pens CJ et al (2009) Potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba in swimming pools: a survey in the Southern Brazilian city of Porto Alegre. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 103:477–485
Caumo K, Rott MB (2011) Acanthamoeba T3, T4 and T5 in swimming-pool waters from Southern Brazil. Acta Trop 117:233–235
Corsaro D, Venditti D (2010) Phylogenetic evidence for a new genotype of Acanthamoeba (Amoebozoa, Acanthamoebida). Parasitol Res 107(1):233–238
De Carli GA (2001) Parasitologia Clínica Seleção de Métodos e Técnicas de Laboratório para Diagnóstico das Parasitoses Humanas. São Paulo, Atheneu, pp 418–426
Dubey JP, Benson JE, Blakeley KT, Booton GC, Visvesvara GS (2005) Disseminated Acanthamoeba sp. infection in a dog. Vet Parasitol 128(3–4):183–187
Gast RJ (2001) Development of an Acanthamoeba-specific reverse dot-blot and the discovery of a new ribotype. J Eukaryot Microbiol 48(6):609–615
Gianinazzi C, Schild M, Zumkehr B et al (2010) Screening of Swiss hot spring resorts for potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae. Exp Parasitol 126:45–53
Hodge PJ, Kelers K, Gasser RB, Visvesvara GS, Martig S, Long SN (2011) Another case of canine amoebic meningoencephalitis—the challenges of reaching a rapid diagnosis. Parasitol Res 108:1069–1073
Ithoi I, Mahmud R, Abdul Basher MH, Jali A, Abdulsalam AM, Ibrahim J, Mak JW (2013) Acanthamoeba genotype T4 detected in naturally-infected feline corneas found to be in homology with those causing human keratitis. Trop Biomed 30:131–140
Kadlec V (1978) The occurrence of amphizoic amoebae in domestic animals. J Protozool 25:235–237
Khan NA (2006) Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health. FEMS Microbiol Rev 30:564–595
Khan NA, Jarroll EL, Paget TA (2001) Acanthamoeba can be differentiated by the polymerase chain reaction and simple plating assays. Curr Microbiol 43:204–208
Khan NA, Tareen NK (2003) Genotypic, phenotypic, biochemical, physiological and pathogenicity-based categorisation of Acanthamoeba strains. Folia Parasitol (Prague) 50:97–104
Kinde H, Read DH, Daft BM, Manzer M, Nordhausen RW, Kelly DJ, Fuerst PA, Booton G, Visvesvara GS (2007) Infections caused by pathogenic free-living amoebas (Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba sp.) in horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 19:317–322
Landell MF, Salton J, Caumo K, Broetto L, Rott MB (2013) Isolation and genotyping of free-living environmental isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. from bromeliads in Southern Brazil. Exp Parasitol 134:290–294
Lorenzo-Morales J, Ortega-Rivas A, Foronda P, Martínez E, Valladares B (2005) Isolation and identification of pathogenic Acanthamoeba strains in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain from water sources. Parasitol Res 95:273–277
Maghsood AH, Sissons J, Rezaian M, Nolder D, Warhurst D, Khan NA (2005) Acanthamoeba genotype T4 from the UK and Iran and isolation of the T2 genotype from clinical isolates. J Med Microbiol 54:755–759
Martinez AJ, Visvesvara GS (1997) Free-living amphizoicand opportunistic amebas. Brain Patthol 7(1):583–598
McConnell EE, Garner FM, Kirk JH (1968) Hartmannellosis in a bull. Pathol Vet 5:1–6
Mosmann T (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Meth 65:55–63
Otta DA, Rott MR, Carlesso AM, Da Silva OS (2012) Prevalence of Acanthamoeba spp. (Sargomastigophora: Acanthamoebidae) in wild populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera:Culicidae). Parasitol Res 111:2017–2022
Page FC (1988) A new key to freshwater and soil gymnamoebae with instructions for culture. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside
Pearce JR, Powell HS, Chandler FW, Visvesvara GS (1985) Amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba castellani in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:951–952
Qvarnstrom Y, Nerad TA, Visvesvara GS (2013) Characterization of New Pathogenic Acanthamoeba Species, A. byersi n. sp., Isolated from a Human with Fatal Amoebic Encephalitis. J Eukaryot Microbiol doi:10.1111/jeu.12069
Salah M, Iciar M (1997) Universal and rapid salt extraction of high quality genomic DNA for PCR based techniques. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4692–4693
Schroeder JM, Booton GC, Hay J, Niszl I, Seal DV, Markus MB, Fuerst PA, Byers TJ (2001) Use of subgenic 18S ribosomal DNA PCR and sequencing for genus and genotype identification of Acanthamoeba from humans with keratitis and from sewage sludge. J Clin Microbiol 39:1903–1911
Schuster FL (2002) Cultivation of pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amebas. Clin Microbiol Rev 15:342–354
Schuster FL, Visvesvara GS (2004) Free-living amoebae as opportunistic and non-opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. Int J Parasitol 34:1001–1027
Siddiqui R, Khan NA (2012) Biology and pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba. Parasit Vectors 5:6
Stothard DR, Schroeder-Diedrich JM, Awwad MH, Gast RJ, Ledee DR, Rodriguez-Zaragoza S, Dean CL, Fuerst PA, Byers TJ (1998) The evolutionary history of the genus Acanthamoeba and the identification of eight new 18S rRNA gene sequence types. J Eukaryot Microbiol 45:45–54
Takaoka-Sugihara N, Yamagami S, Yokoo S, Matsubar M, Yagita K (2012) Cytopathic effect of Acanthamoeba on human corneal fibroblasts. Mol Vis 18:2221–2228
Taylor PW (1997) Isolation and experimental infection of free-living amoebae in freshwater fishes. J Parasitol 63:232–237
Visvesvara GS (1999) Pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoebae. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC (eds) Manual of clinical microbiology, 7th edn. ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp 1383–1390
Winck MAT, Caumo K, Rott MB (2011) Prevalence of Acanthamoeba from tap water in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Curr Microbiol 63:464–469
Acknowledgments
The authors thank CAPES and CNPq for financial support, the Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology Department of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and Dr. Janet W. Reid who revised the English text.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carlesso, A.M., Mentz, M.B., da Machado, M.L.S. et al. Characterization of Isolates of Acanthamoeba from the Nasal Mucosa and Cutaneous Lesions of Dogs. Curr Microbiol 68, 702–707 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-014-0532-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-014-0532-9