Abstract
Over the past two decades there have been major increases in dairy production in New Zealand. This increase in intensity has required increased use of external inputs, in particular fertilizer, feed, and water. Intensified dairy farming thus incurs considerable environmental externalities: impacts that are not paid for directly by the dairy farmer. These externalities are left for the wider New Zealand populace to deal with, both economically and environmentally. This is counter-intuitive given the dairy industry itself relies on a ‘clean green’ image to maximize returns. This is the first nationwide assessment of some of the environmental costs of the recent increase of dairy intensification in New Zealand. Significant costs arise from nitrate contamination of drinking water, nutrient pollution to lakes, soil compaction, and greenhouse gas emissions. At the higher end, the estimated cost of some environmental externalities surpasses the 2012 dairy export revenue of NZ$11.6 billion and almost reaches the combined export revenue and dairy’s contribution to Gross Domestic Product in 2010 of NZ$5 billion. For the dairy industry to accurately report on its profitability and maintain its sustainable marketing label, these external costs should be reported. This assessment is in fact extremely conservative as many impacts have not been valued, thus, the total negative external impact of intensified dairying is probably grossly underestimated.
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Notes
High levels of nitrite in the blood can cause higher than normal levels of methemoglobin which has a decreased ability to bind oxygen. ‘Blue-baby syndrome’ occurs when methemoglobain levels in the blood are so high that the skin turns a bluish color and is more common in infants.
The NZ ETS was set up to encourage reductions in GHG emissions to enable reductions in total emissions below 1990 levels.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank the numerous people who helped in discussions on this topic, particularly Angus Robson, Alison Dewes, Peter Fraser, Barrie Ridler, Anton Meister, Justin Ford-Robertson, Geoff Bertram, and Simon Terry. We would like to acknowledge the support of the Ecology Group at Massey University and John Holland in particular. This research was supported by scholarships from Massey University and NZARES. We thank anonymous reviewers whose helpful comments contributed to this paper.
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Foote, K.J., Joy, M.K. & Death, R.G. New Zealand Dairy Farming: Milking Our Environment for All Its Worth. Environmental Management 56, 709–720 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0517-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0517-x