Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Skier and Snowboarder Motivations and Knowledge Related to Voluntary Environmental Programs at an Alpine Ski Area

  • Published:
Environmental Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Many alpine ski areas have recently adopted voluntary environmental programs (VEPs) such as using recycling, renewable energy, and biofuels to help reduce their environmental impacts. Studies have addressed the performance of these VEPs in mitigating environmental impacts of this industry, but little is known about visitor awareness and perceptions of these programs. This article addresses this knowledge gap by exploring skier and snowboarder knowledge of VEPs at a ski area and the influence of these programs on their motivations to visit this area currently and behavioral intentions to visit again in the future. Data were obtained from an onsite survey at the Mt. Bachelor ski area in Oregon, USA (n = 429, 89.7% response rate). Few skiers and snowboarders were knowledgeable of VEPs at this area and fewer than 20% were motivated to visit on their current trip because of these programs. Other attributes such as scenery, snow conditions, and access were more important for influencing visitation. Up to 38% of skiers and snowboarders, however, intend to visit this ski area more often if it adopts and promotes more VEPs. Managers can use these results to inform communication and marketing of their environmental programs and performance to visitors. Additional implications for management and future research are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexandris K, Kouthouris C, Girgolas G (2007) Investigating the relationships among motivation, negotiation, and alpine skiing participation. Journal of Leisure Research 39:648–667

    Google Scholar 

  • Arora S, Cason T (1995) An experiment in voluntary environmental regulation: participation in EPAs 33/50 program. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 28:271–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blust K (2004) Perceptions of sustainability in the ski industry: a delphi approach. Unpublished masters thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO

  • Borck JC, Coglianese C (2009) Voluntary environmental programs: assessing their effectiveness. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 34:305–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brink P (2002) Voluntary environmental agreements: process, practice and future use. Greenleaf, Sheffield, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce P (2000) Voluntary environmental initiatives and sustainable industry. Business Strategy and the Environment 9:328–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmichael BA (1996) Conjoint analysis of downhill skiers used to improve data collection for market segmentation. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 5:187–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmin J, Darnall N, Mil-Homens J (2003) Stakeholder involvement in the design of U.S. voluntary environmental programs: does sponsorship matter? Policy Studies Journal 31:527–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JKL, Baum T (2007) Motivation factors of ecotourists in ecolodge accommodation: the push and pull factors. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 12:349–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christmann P, Taylor G (2002) Globalization and the environment: strategies for international voluntary environmental initiatives. Academy of Management Executive 16:121–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Dann G (1981) Tourist motivation: an appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research 8:187–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darnall N, Carmin J (2005) Greener and cleaner? The signaling accuracy of U.S. voluntary environmental programs. Policy Sciences 38:71–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darnall N, Sides S (2008) Assessing the performance of voluntary environmental programs: does certification matter? Policy Studies Journal 36:95–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Leon P, Rivera JE (2007) Voluntary environmental programs: a symposium. Policy Studies Journal 35:685–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donohoe HM (2004) Sustainable skiing: a North American environmental program evaluation. Unpublished masters thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada

  • Fishbein M, Ajzen I (1981) Acceptance, yielding and impact: cognitive processes in persuasion. In: Petty RE, Ostrom TM, Brock TC (eds) Cognitive responses in persuasion. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp 339–359

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher RJ (1993) Social desirability bias and the validity of indirect questioning. Journal of Consumer Research 20:303–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fluker MR, Turner LW (2000) Needs, motivations, and expectations of a commercial whitewater rafting experience. Journal of Travel Research 38:380–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George A (2003) Managing ski resorts: perceptions from the field re-grading the sustainable slopes charter. Managing Leisure 8:41–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holden A (1998) The use of visitor understanding in skiing management and development decisions at the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland. Tourism Management 19:145–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holden A (1999) Understanding skiers’ motivation using Pearce’s travel career construct. Annals of Tourism Research 26:435–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holden A (2000) Winter tourism and the environment in conflict: The case of Cairngorm, Scotland. International Journal of Tourism Research 2:247–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson S (2000) Snow business: a study of the international ski industry. Cassell, London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson S (2004) Winter sport tourism in North America. In: Ritchie BW, Adair D (eds) Sport tourism: interrelationships, impacts and issues. Channel View, Tonawanda, NY, pp 77–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson S, Ritchie JRB (2001) Cross-cultural tourist behavior: an analysis of tourist attitudes towards the environment. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 10:1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson S, Shephard G (1998) Measuring service quality at tourist destinations: an application of importance-performance analysis to an alpine ski resort. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 7:61–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hvenegaard GT (2002) Birder specialization differences in conservation involvement, demographics, and motivations. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 7:21–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iso-Ahola S (1999) Motivation foundations of leisure. In: Jackson EL, Burton TL (eds) Leisure studies: prospects for the twenty-first century. Venture, State College, PA, pp 35–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson EJ, Russo JE (1984) Product familiarity and learning new information. Journal of Consumer Research 11:542–550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klenosky DB, Gengler CE, Mulvey MS (1993) Understanding the factors influencing ski destination choice: a means-end analytic approach. Journal of Leisure Research 25:362–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Leung Y, Marion JL (2000) Recreation impacts and management in wilderness: a state of knowledge review. In: Cole DN, McCool S, Borrie WT, O’Loughlin J (eds) Wilderness science in a time of change: wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT, pp 23–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Manfredo MJ, Driver BL, Tarrant MA (1996) Measuring leisure motivation: a meta-analysis of the recreation experience preference scales. Journal of Leisure Research 28:188–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Manning RE (1999) Studies in outdoor recreation: search and research for satisfaction. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills AS, Couturier H, Snepenger DJ (1986) Segmenting Texas snow skiers. Journal of Travel Research 27:19–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moen J, Fredman P (2007) Effects of climate change on alpine skiing in Sweden. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 15:418–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mt Bachelor (2009) Environmental program. http://www.mtbachelor.com/site/info/environmental_program/index.html. Accessed 23 Oct 2009

  • Mulligan JG (2011) Market size, service quality, and competition in the US downhill ski industry. Applied Economics Letters 18

  • National Ski Area Association (NSAA) (2009a) Golden eagle awards. http://www.nsaa.org/nsaa/environment/gea/gea-winners-94-08.asp. Accessed 8 June 2009

  • National Ski Area Association (NSAA) (2009b) The green room: the ski industry environmental database. http://www.nsaa.org/nsaa/environment/the_greenroom. Accessed 10 March 2009

  • Needham MD, Rollins RB (2005) Interest group standards for recreation and tourism impacts at ski areas in the summer. Tourism Management 26:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Needham MD, Wood CJB, Rollins RB (2004) Understanding summer visitors and their experiences at the Whistler Mountain ski area, Canada. Mountain Research and Development 24:234–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH (1994) Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen ME, Lodwick DG, Dunlap RE (1992) Viewing the world ecologically. Westview, Boulder, CO

    Google Scholar 

  • Ormiston D, Gilbert A, Manning RE (1998) Indicators and standards of quality for ski resort management. Journal of Travel Research 36:35–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puntieri JG (1991) Vegetation response on a forest slope cleared for a ski-run with special reference to the herb Alstroemeria aurea Graham, Argentina. Biological Conservation 56:207–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raju PS, Lonial SC, Mangold WG (1995) Differential effects of subjective knowledge, objective knowledge, and usage experience on decision making: an exploratory investigation. Journal of Consumer Psychology 4:153–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards G (1996) Skilled consumption and UK ski holidays. Tourism Management 17:25–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera J, de Leon P (2004) Is greener whiter: voluntary environmental performance of western ski areas. Policy Studies Journal 32:417–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera J, de Leon P, Koerber C (2006) Is greener whiter yet: the sustainable slopes program after five years. Policy Studies Journal 34:195–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott D (2006) US ski industry adaptation to climate change: hard, soft and policy strategies. In: Gossling S, Hall CM (eds) Tourism and global environmental change: ecological, social, economic and political interrelationships. Routledge, Abingdon, UK, pp 262–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott D, McBoyle G, Mills B (2003) Climate change and the skiing industry in southern Ontario (Canada): exploring the importance of snowmaking as a technical adaptation. Climate Research 23:171–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ski Area Citizens Coalition (SACC) (2009) Ski area environmental scorecard 2008/2009. http://www.skiareacitizens.com/index.php. Accessed 23 Oct 2009

  • Steelman TA, Rivera J (2006) Voluntary environmental programs in the United States: whose interests are served? Organization and Environment 19:505–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton SG, Ditton RB (2001) Understanding catch-and-release behavior among U.S. Atlantic bluefin tuna anglers. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 6:49–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick B, Fidell G (1996) Using multivariate statistics. Harper Collins, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Teel TL, Bright AD, Manfredo MJ, Brooks JJ (2006) Evidence of biased processing of natural resource related information: a study of attitudes toward drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Society and Natural Resources 19:447–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thapa B, Graefe AR (2003) Level of skill and its relationship to recreation conflict and tolerance among adult skiers and snowboarders. World Leisure 45:13–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Todd S, Williams P (1996) From white to green: a proposed environmental management system framework for ski areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 4:147–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuyuzaki S (1994) Environmental deterioration resulting from ski-resort construction in Japan. Environmental Conservation 21:121–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaske JJ (2008) Survey research and analysis: applications in parks, recreation and human dimensions. Venture, State College, PA

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaske JJ, Dyar R, Timmons N (2004) Skill level and recreation conflict among skiers and snowboarders. Leisure Sciences 26:215–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaske JJ, Needham MD, Stafford N, Green K, Petchenik J (2006) Information sources and knowledge about chronic wasting disease in Colorado and Wisconsin. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 11:191–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson A (1985) Soil erosion and vegetation damage near ski lifts at Cairngorm, Scotland. Biological Conservation 33:363–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams P, Dossa K, Fulton A (1994) Tension on the slopes: managing conflict between skiers and snowboarders. Journal of Applied Recreation Research 19:191–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams PW, Peters M, Stegemann A (2008) Transformations in mountain tourism community landscapes: amenity driven change. In: Kronenberg C, Muller S, Peters M, Pikkemaat B, Weirmair K (eds) Change management in tourism. Schmidt Verlag, Berlin, pp 185–204

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dave Rathbun, Alex Kaufman, and all other personnel at the Mt. Bachelor ski area in Oregon for helping to facilitate this study. The Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society at Oregon State University provided additional support for this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark D. Needham.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Little, C.M., Needham, M.D. Skier and Snowboarder Motivations and Knowledge Related to Voluntary Environmental Programs at an Alpine Ski Area. Environmental Management 48, 895–909 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9734-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9734-0

Keywords

Navigation