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A Framework of Lessons Learned from Community-Based Marine Reserves and Its Effectiveness in Guiding a New Coastal Management Initiative in the Philippines

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Abstract

Community-based coastal resource management has been widely applied within the Philippines. However, small-scale community-based reserves are often inefficient owing to management inadequacies arising because of a lack of local support or enforcement or poor design. Because there are many potential pitfalls during the establishment of even small community-based reserves, it is important for coastal managers, communities, and facilitating institutions to have access to a summary of the key factors for success. Reviewing relevant literature, we present a framework of “lessons learned” during the establishment of protected areas, mainly in the Philippines. The framework contains summary guidance on the importance of (1) an island location, (2) small community population size, (3) minimal effect of land-based development, (4) application of a bottom-up approach, (5) an external facilitating institution, (6) acquisition of title, (7) use of a scientific information database, (8) stakeholder involvement, (9) the establishment of legislation, (10) community empowerment, (11) alternative livelihood schemes, (12) surveillance, (13) tangible management results, (14) continued involvement of external groups after reserve establishment, and (15) small-scale project expansion.

These framework components guided the establishment of a community-based protected area at Danjugan Island, Negros Occidental, Philippines. This case study showed that the framework was a useful guide that led to establishing and implementing a community-based marine reserve. Evaluation of the reserve using standard criteria developed for the Philippines shows that the Danjugan Island protected area can be considered successful and sustainable. At Danjugan Island, all of the lessons synthesized in the framework were important and should be considered elsewhere, even for relatively small projects. As shown in previous projects in the Philippines, local involvement and stewardship of the protected area appeared particularly important for its successful implementation. The involvement of external organizations also seemed to have a key role in the success of the Danjugan Island project by guiding local decision-makers in the sociobiological principles of establishing protected areas. However, the relative importance of each component of the framework will vary between coastal management initiatives both within the Philippines and across the wider Asian region.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge all of the numerous people who have been supporting the work on Danjugan Island and contributed their time, funds, expertise, or enthusiasm to this complex project. Special thanks to the local village and municipal government for supporting the reserve, the inhabitants of Bulata, and all PRRCFI staff. We thank the governors of Negros Occidental, Rafael L. Coscolluela and Joseph Marañon, for their continued support. We also thank the many volunteers who collected data at Danjugan Island and the management of CCC, who facilitated all aspects of the data collection. In addition, we want to express gratitude to the funding bodies that have supported this project: National Lottery Community Fund, British Partnership Scheme, World Land Trust, and the Philippine Landbank. MB was supported by the Australian–European Award and James Cook University, Australia while working on this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Ecology Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia

    Maria Beger

  2. Coral Cay Conservation Ltd, Colliers Wood, London SW19 2JG, UK

    Alastair R. Harborne & Jean-Luc Solandt

  3. Philippine Reef and Rainforest Conservation Foundation Inc., #3 Doña Ceferiña Bldg. , Mandalagan, Bacolod City, Negros Occidental, Philippines

    Terence P. Dacles & Gerardo L. Ledesma

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  1. Maria Beger
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Beger, M., Harborne, A., Dacles, T. et al. A Framework of Lessons Learned from Community-Based Marine Reserves and Its Effectiveness in Guiding a New Coastal Management Initiative in the Philippines. Environmental Management 34, 786–801 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0149-z

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