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Shadow of a doubt: premating and postmating isolating barriers in a temporally complex songbird (Passeriformes: Paridae) hybrid zone

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Abstract

Hybrid zones, where populations with incomplete reproductive isolation interact, are particularly good systems in which to study how isolating barriers evolve during speciation. Examining a hybrid zone over time or with contacts of different ages allows us to understand the relative roles of and interactions between different isolating barriers (such as selection against hybrids, innate preferences for hybrid, or parental types) and how they change with continued contact between the interacting populations. One such temporally complex hybrid zone is that of two oscine songbirds, the black-crested (Baeolophus atricristatus) and tufted (B. bicolor) titmice (family Paridae). In one region, the two populations have been interbreeding for several thousands of years; elsewhere, populations of the two species have contacted within the past century. We tested (1) if males treat other populations as potential competition; (2) if females show preferences for male phenotype; and (3) if there are reproductive consequences to hybridization. We found that older zone males responded most strongly to conspecifics, whereas younger zone discrimination is weaker; moreover, females responded most strongly to tufted song and plumage. Intrinsic postmating isolation appears to be absent even in the older part of this system. Future studies should focus on potential ecological or behavioral postmating barriers preventing expansion of the hybridization.

Significance statement

Hybrid zones, areas where populations with distinct differences meet and interbreed, are excellent for studying speciation. Because hybridizing populations can interbreed but do not fully merge, they allow us to understand what behaviors and intrinsic incompatibilities keep populations apart. Hybrid zones that contain different ages of contact can be particularly useful because we can see how such behaviors change with continued interaction. We found differences between behaviors in the younger and older contact zones in one such complex hybrid zone between songbirds, indicating behaviors evolve with continued interaction. Few studies as yet have examined behavior directly in a temporally complex zone as we did here, so our study provide new insights into how behavior evolves during the divergence of new species.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the following landowners and site managers who provided access to their land: J. and W. Erickson, S. Osborne, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas Historical Commission, The City of Graham, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma Department of Tourism and Recreation, Quartz Mountain Nature Park, Oklahoma Biological Survey, and the U.S. Forest Service. We thank the volunteers who collected the nesting data for this study through The Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology’s Nest Box Network, The Birdhouse Network, NestWatch, the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Research Center’s Neighborhood NestWatch, and various state nest monitoring projects that have contributed their historic data. T. Murphy, B. Sandercock, and J.M. Martin discussed several aspects of this paper with us; J.M. Martin also facilitated access to the NestWatch dataset. A. Ainsworth and S.H. Stuart aided with bird care and fieldwork. J. Kelly, R. Broughton, W. Elisens, B. Hoagland, G. Wellborn, E. Bridge, A. Harris, T. Steil, R. Madding, D. Hough, J. Helms, M. Herzog, T. Yuri, B. Freeman, R. Kostecke, D. Bryant, A.J. Contina, D. Roeder, W.T. Honeycutt, M. Curry, and J. Curry provided additional logistical support and comments. T. D. Price and three anonymous reviewers provided comments that greatly improved this manuscript.

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  1. Claire M. Curry

    Present address: Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, 303-70 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2

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  1. Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma, 111 E. Chesapeake Street, Norman, OK, 73019, USA

    Claire M. Curry & Michael A. Patten

  2. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval Room 314, Norman, OK, 73019, USA

    Claire M. Curry & Michael A. Patten

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Correspondence to Claire M. Curry.

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Funding

CMC was supported by a Department of Education Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need Fellowship and a University of Oklahoma (OU) Graduate College Alumni Fellowship. Funding for field and lab work was provided by the George Miksch Sutton Scholarship in Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, Sigma Xi, Oklahoma Ornithological Society, M. Blanche and M. Frances Adams Summer Research and Academic Year Scholarships, and the OU Graduate Student Senate and Graduate College.

Ethical approval

All applicable international, national, and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution at which the studies were conducted. These studies were conducted under Federal Bird Banding Permit 23215H, Federal Fish and Wildlife Permit MB148195-2, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation Scientific Collecting Permits 4716, 4955, 5210, and 5507; Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Scientific Collecting Permit SPR-0310-019; and University of Oklahoma Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocols R09-004 and R12-009.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Curry, C.M., Patten, M.A. Shadow of a doubt: premating and postmating isolating barriers in a temporally complex songbird (Passeriformes: Paridae) hybrid zone. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 70, 1171–1186 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-016-2126-y

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