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Elevation-related differences in novel environment exploration and social dominance in food-caching mountain chickadees

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Abstract

Harsh and unpredictable environments have been assumed to favor the evolution of better learning abilities in animals. At the same time, individual variation in learning abilities might be associated with variation in other correlated traits potentially forming a behavioral syndrome. We have previously reported significant elevation-related differences in spatial memory and the hippocampus in food-caching mountain chickadees. Here, we tested for elevation-related differences in novel environment exploration, neophobia, and social dominance—behavioral traits previously thought to correlate with individual variation in cognition, using different birds from the same elevations. Compared to low-elevation birds, high-elevation chickadees were slower at novel environment exploration, but there were no detectable differences in neophobia. High-elevation chickadees were also socially subordinate to low-elevation chickadees in pairwise interactions. Considering previously reported elevation-related differences in cognition and the brain, our results suggest, however indirectly, that elevation-related variation in spatial memory might be associated with differences in novel environment exploration and in ability to obtain a high social rank in winter social groups. Whether these behavioral traits represent a behavioral syndrome or whether climate might affect these traits independently, our results suggest that multiple differences between elevations might assist with elevation-related separation. High-elevation chickadees would likely experience higher mortality if they move to lower elevation due to their low social dominance status and low-elevation chickadees might experience higher mortality if they move to higher elevation due to reduced memory ability and lack of behavioral adaptations to colder climate.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Kaileigh Bingham, Shelby Brown, Skylar Estes, Kallie Kappes, and Kristina Pomerleau for help with bird maintenance. Comments from two anonymous reviewers greatly improved the manuscript. VVP was supported by NSF (IOS 1351295).

Ethical standards

All experiments reported here comply with the current laws of the United States of America. Chickadees were collected under Federal (MB022532) and California (5210) scientific collecting permits. All animal procedures were in accordance with the University of Nevada Reno Animal Care and Use Protocol (00576).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, USA

    Dovid Kozlovsky, Carrie Branch, Cody A. Freas & Vladimir V. Pravosudov

Authors
  1. Dovid Kozlovsky
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  2. Carrie Branch
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  3. Cody A. Freas
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  4. Vladimir V. Pravosudov
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vladimir V. Pravosudov.

Additional information

Communicated by C. M. Garcia

Dovid Kozlovsky and Carrie Branch provided equal contributions.

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Kozlovsky, D., Branch, C., Freas, C.A. et al. Elevation-related differences in novel environment exploration and social dominance in food-caching mountain chickadees. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 68, 1871–1881 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-014-1796-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-014-1796-6

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