Abstract
The availability of reptile genomes for the use of the scientific community is an exceptional opportunity to study the evolution of immunoglobulin genes. The genome of Chrysemys picta bellii and Pelodiscus sinensis is the first one that has been reported for turtles. The scanning for immunoglobulin genes resulted in the presence of a complex locus for the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH). This IGH locus in both turtles contains genes for 13 isotypes in C. picta bellii and 17 in P. sinensis. These correspond with one immunoglobulin M, one immunoglobulin D, several immunoglobulins Y (six in C. picta bellii and eight in P. sinensis), and several immunoglobulins that are similar to immunoglobulin D2 (five in C. picta belli and seven in P. sinensis) that was previously described in Eublepharis macularius. It is worthy to note that IGHD2 are placed in an inverted transcriptional orientation and present sequences for two immunoglobulin domains that are similar to bird IgA domains. Furthermore, its phylogenetic analysis allows us to consider about the presence of IGHA gene in a primitive reptile, so we would be dealing with the memory of the gene that originated from the bird IGHA. In summary, we provide a clear picture of the immunoglobulins present in a turtle, whose analysis supports the idea that turtles emerged from the evolutionary line from the differentiation of birds and the presence of the IGHA gene present in a common ancestor.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Dr. David Olivieri (Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática University of Vigo, Spain) for the critical appreciation of the manuscript.
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Additional File 1
IgM sequences alignment. The figure shows the alignment of the IgM-deduced amino acid sequences of the turtles with that known from other reptiles, amphibian, mammal, and fish. Cysteine and tryptophan residues are marked (PDF 266 kb)
Additional File 2
Amino acid sequence alignment of different IgD heavy chains. The alignment was constructed with the different IgD sequences identified in turtles. The IgD sequences from other reptiles and the sequences of O. anatinus are also shown. Cysteine and tryptophan residues are marked (PDF 185 kb)
Additional File 3
Amino acid sequence alignment of different IgY heavy chains. The alignment was constructed with the different IgY sequences identified in turtles. Cysteine and tryptophan residues are marked (PDF 111 kb)
Additional File 4
Amino acid sequence alignment of different IgD2 heavy chains. The alignment was constructed with the different IgD2 sequences identified in turtles. Cysteine and tryptophan residues are marked (PDF 127 kb)
Additional File 5
The first IGHD2 gene in C. picta bellii. Graphical representation of IgD2-1, IgD2-2, IgD2-4, and the first four domains of the IgD identified in C. picta bellii. The percentage of amino acid sequence identity between different paralogue domains is indicated: in blue, those with identity lower than 88 % (Cδ domains from IgD2-1 and IgD) and in red, those that have more than 88 % identity (Cδ domains from IgD2-2, IgD2-4 and IgD, and Cα domains from all IgD2 isotypes) (PDF 111 kb)
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Magadán-Mompó, S., Sánchez-Espinel, C. & Gambón-Deza, F. Immunoglobulin genes of the turtles. Immunogenetics 65, 227–237 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00251-012-0672-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00251-012-0672-7