Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Intracranial stenting in atherosclerotic disease—recent results and challenges to face

  • Topic Article
  • Published:
Neuroradiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Intracranial stenting is increasingly used as an add-on to medical therapy despite the fact that the overall clinical benefit remains a matter of debate, since we lack results of randomized trials. Decision making on interventional treatment is made on the grounds of the anticipated risk of stroke with antiplatelet medication on one hand and on the experience with stent treatment based on data from case series and registries on the other hand. This review will summarize the current knowledge on both topics serving as the fundament of patient selection for intracranial stenting. A second objective is to highlight some specific problems that are encountered when treating patients interventionally. Procedure-related complication rates and rates of in stent stenoses are still too high to be confident that endovascular treatment is superior to medical therapy of symptomatic stenoses. Optimization of patient selection criteria, stent technology, and periprocedural management are necessary to become undoubtedly competitive with antiplatelet therapy. With the current stage of development, interventional treatment of intracranial stenoses should be confined to specialized centers with a high expertise in neurovascular procedures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Weimar C, Goertler M, Harms L, Diener H-C (2006) Distribution and outcome of symptomatic stenoses and occlusions in patients with acute cerebral ischemia. Arch Neurol 63:1287–1291

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Sacco RL, Kargman DE, Gu Q, Zamanillo MC (1995) Race-ethnicity and determinants of intracranial atherosclerotic cerebral infarction: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke 26:14–20

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Wong KS, Huang YN, Gao S, Lam WWM, Chan YL, Kay R (1998) Intracranial stenosis in Chinese patients with acute stroke. Neurology 50:812–813

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Gorelick PB, Wong KS, Bae HJ, Pandey DK (2008) Large artery intracranial occlusive disease: a large worldwide burden but a relatively neglected frontier. Stroke 39:2396–2399

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Howlett-Smith H, Stern BJ, Hertzberg VS, Frankel MR, Levine SR, Chaturvedi S, Kasner SE, Benesch CG, Sila CA, Jovin TG, Romano JG (2005) Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med 352:1305–1316

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kasner SE, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Howlett-Smith H, Stern BJ, Hertzberg VS, Frankel MR, Levine SR, Chaturvedi S, Benesch CG, Sila CA, Jovin TG, Romano JG, Cloft HJ (2006) Predictors of ischemic stroke in the territory of a symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Circulation 113:555–563

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. The Warfarin-Aspirin Symtomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) Trial Investigators (2003) Design, progress and challenges of a double-blind trial of warfarin versus aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Neuroepidemiology 22:106–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Famakin BM, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Stern BJ, George MG, for the WASID Trial Investigators (2009) Causes and severity of ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Stroke 40:1999–2003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Mazighi M, Tanasescu R, Ducrocq X, Vicaut E, Bracard S, Houdart E, Woimant F (2006) Prospective study of symptomatic atherothrombotic intracranial stenoses—the GESICA Study. Neurology 66:1187–1191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Williams JE, Chimowitz MI, Cotsonis GA, Lynn MJ, Waddy SP (2007) Gender differences in outcomes among patients with symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Stroke 38:2055–2062

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Turan TN, Maidan L, Cotsonis G, Lynn MJ, Romano JG, Levine SR, Chimowitz MI (2009) Failure of antithrombotic therapy and risk of stroke in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis. Stroke 40:505–509

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Thijs VN, Albers GW (2000) Symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis: outcome of patients who fail antithrombotic therapy. Neurology 55:490–498

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chaturvedi S, Turan TN, Lynn MJ, Kasner SE, Romano J, Cotsonis G, Frankel M, Chimowitz MI, for the WASID Study Group (2007) Risk factor status and vascular events in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis. Neurology 69:2063–2068

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Turan TN, Cotsonis G, Lynn MJ, Chaturvedi S, Chimowitz M, for the Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) Trial Investigators (2007) Relationship between blood pressure and stroke recurrence in patients with intracranial arterial stenosis. Circulation 115:2969–2975

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Arenillas JF, Molina CA, Montaner J, Abilleira S, González-Sánchez MA, Álvarez-Sabin J (2001) Progression and clinical recurrence of symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis. A Long-term Follow-up Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Study. Stroke 32:2898–2904

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Arenillas JF, Álvarez-Sabín J, Molina CA, Chacón P, Fernández-Cadenas I, Ribó M, Delgado P, Rubiera M, Penalba A, Rovira A, Montaner J (2008) Progression of symptomatic intracranial large artery atherosclerosis is associated with a proinflammatory state and impaired fibrinolysis. Stroke 39:1456–1463

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Arenillas JF, Álvarez-Sabin J, Molina CA, Chacón P, Montaner J, Rovira Á, Ibarra B, Quintana M (2003) C-reactive protein predicts further ischemic events in first-ever transient ischemic attack or stroke patients with intracranial large-artery occlusive disease. Stroke 34:2463–2470

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Takahashi W, Ohnuki T, Ide M, Takagi S, Shinohara Y (2006) Stroke risk of asymptomatic intra- and extracranial large-artery disease in apparently healthy adults. Cerebrovasc Dis 22:263–270

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kern R, Steinke W, Daffertshofer M, Prager R, Hennerici M (2005) Stroke recurrences in patients with symptomatic vs asymptomatic middle cerebral artery disease. Neurology 65:859–864

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kremer C, Schaettin T, Georgiadis D, Baumgartner RW (2004) Prognosis of asymptomatic stenosis of the middle cerebral artery. J Neurol Psychiatry 75:1300–1303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Nahab F, Cotsonis G, Lynn M, Feldmann E, Chaturvedi S, Hemphill JC, Zweifler R, Johnston K, Bonovich D, Kasner S, Chimowitz M (2008) Prevalence and prognosis of coexistent asymptomatic intracranial stenosis. Stroke 39:1039–1041

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Famakin BM, Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Stern BJ, George MG, for the WASID Trial Invesitgators (2009) Causes and severity of ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. Stroke 40:1999–2003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cruz-Flores S, Diamond AL (2006) Angioplasty for intracranial artery stenosis Cochrane database. Syst Rev 3:CD004133

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Gröschel K, Schnaudigel S, Pilgram SM, Wasser K, Kastrup A (2009) A systematic review on outcome after stenting for intracranial atherosclerosis. Stroke 40:e340–e347

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nahab F, Lynn MJ, Kasner SE, Alexander MJ, Klucznik R, Zaidat OO, Chaloupka J, Lutsep H, Barnwell S, Mawad M, Lane B, Chimowitz MI, for the NIH Multicenter Wingspan Intracranial Stent Registry Study Group (2009) Risk factors associated with major cerebrovascular complications after intracranial stenting. Neurology 72:2014–2019

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kurre W, Berkefeld J, Brassel F, Brüning R, Eckert B, Kamek S, Klein GE, Knauth M, Liebig T, Maskova J, Mucha D, Neumann-Haefelin T, Pilgram-Pastor S, Sitzer M, Sonnberger M, Tietke M, Trenkler J, Turowski B, for the INTRASTENT Study Group (2010) In hospital complication rates after stent treatment of 388 intracranial stenoses—results from the INTRASTENT multicentric registry. Stroke 41:494–498

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Jiang WJ, Xu XT, Du B, Dong KH, Jin M, Wan QH, Ma N (2007) Comparison of elective stenting of severe vs moderate intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses. Neurology 68:420–426

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ogasawara K, Sakai N, Kuroiwa T, Hosoda K, Iihara K, Toyoda K, Sakai C, Nagata I, Ogawa A, Japanese Society For Treatment AT Neck In Cerebrovascular Disease Study Group (2007) Intracranial hemorrhage associated with cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting: retrospective review of 4494 patients. J Neurosurg 107:1130–1136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Moulakakis KG, Mylonas SN, Sfyroeras GS, Andrikopoulos V (2009) Hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid revascularization. J Vasc Surg 49:1060–1068

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Medel R, Crowley RW, Dumont A (2009) Hyperperfusion syndrome following endovascular cerebral revascularization. Neurosurg Focus 26:E4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Meyers PM, Higashida R, Phatouros C, Adel MA, Lempert TE, Dowd CF, van Halbach VMD (2000) Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after percutaneous transluminal stenting of the craniocervical arteries. Neurosurgery 47:335–345

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Rezende MT, Spelle L, Mounayer C, Piotin M, Abud DG, Moret J (2006) Hyperperfusion syndrome after stenting for intracranial vertebral stenosis. Stroke 37:e12–e14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Liu AY, Do HM, Albers GW, Lopez JR, Steinberg GK, Marks MP (2001) Hyperperfusion syndrome with hemorrhage after angioplasty for middle cerebral artery stenosis. Am J Neuroradiol 22:1597–1601

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Terada T, Tsuura M, Matsumoto H, Masuo O, Tsumoto T, Yamaga H, Ohura Y, Itakura T (2006) Hemorrhagic complications after endovascular therapy for atherosclerotic intracranial arterial stenosis. Neurosurgery 59:310–318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. van Mool WNKA, Rennenberg RJMW, Schurink GW, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Mess WH, Hofmann PAM, de Leeuw PW (2005) Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome. Lancet Neurol 4:877–888

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Abou-Chebl A, Yadav JS, Reginelli JP, Bajzer C, Bhatt D, Krieger DW (2004) Intracranial hemorrhage and hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid artery stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:1596–1601

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kaku Y, Yoshimura SI, Kokuzawa J (2004) Factors predictive of cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid angioplasty and stent placement. Am J Neuroradiol 25:1403–1408

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Abou-Chebl A, Reginelli J, Bajzer CT, Yadav JS (2007) Intensive treatment of hypertension decreases the risk of hyperperfusion and intracerebral hemorrhage following carotid artery stenting catheter. Cardiovasc Interv 69:690–696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Yoshimura S, Kitajima H, Enomoto Y, Yamada K, Iwama T (2009) Staged angioplasty for carotid artery stenosis to prevent postoperative hyperperfusion. Neurosurgery 64(Suppl):122–128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Levy EI, Hanel RA, Boulos AS, Bendok BR, Kim SH, Gibbons KJ, Qureshi AI, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN (2003) Comparison of periprocedure complications resulting from direct stent placement compared with those due to conventional and staged stent placement in the basilar artery. J Neurosurg 99:653–660

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Poerner TC, Kralev S, Voelker W, Sueselbeck T, Latsch A, Pfleger S, Schumacher B, Borggrefe M, Haase KK (2002) Natural history of small and medium-sized side branches after coronary stent implantation. Am Heart J 143:627–635

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Marinkovic S, Milisavljevic M, Gibo H, Malicovic A, Djulejic V (2004) Microsurgical anatomy of the perforating branches of the vertebral artery. Surg Neurol 61:190–197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Marinkovic S, Gibo H (1993) The surgical anatomy of the perforating branches of the basilar artery. Neurosurgery 33:80–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Marinkovic S, Gibo H, Milisavljevic M, Cetkovic M (2001) Anatomic and clinical correlations of the lenticulostriate arteries. Clin Anat 14:190–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Lopes DK, Ringer AJ, Boulos AS, Qreshi AI, Lieber BB, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN (2003) Fate of branch arteries after intracranial stenting. Neurosurgery 52(6):1275–1279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Masuo O, Terada T, Walker G, Tsuura M, Matsumoto H, Tohya K, Kimura M, Nakai K, Itakura T (2002) Study of the patency of small arterial branches after stent placement with and experimental in vivo model. Am J Neuroradiol 23:706–710

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Masuo O, Terada T, Walker G, Tsuura M, Nakai K, Itakura T (2005) Patency of perforating arteries after stent placement? A study using and in vivo experimental atherosclerosis-induced model. Am J Neuroradiol 26:543–548

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Levy EI, Boulos AS, Hanel RA, Tio FO, Alberico RA, Fronckowiak MD, Nemes B, Paciorek AM, Guterman LR, Hopkins NH (2003) In vivo model of intracranial stent implantation: a pilot study to examine the histological response of cerebral vessels after randomized implantation of heparin-coated and uncoated endoluminal stents in a blinded fashion. J Neurosurg 98:544–553

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Tanaka S, Watanabe S, Matsuo H, Segawa T, Iwama M, Hirose T, Takahashi H, Ono K, Warita S, Kojima T, Minatoguchi S, Fujiwara H (2008) Prospective randomized trial comparing a nitinol self-expanding coronary stent with low-pressure dilatation and a high-pressure balloon expandable bare metal stent. Heart Vessels 23:1–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Jiang WJ, Srivastava T, Gao F, Du B, Dong KH, Xu XT (2006) Perforator stroke after elective stenting of symptomatic intracranial stenosis. Neurology 66:1868–1872

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Alibadi D, Tilli FV, Bowers TR, Benzuly KH, Safian RD, Goldstein JA, Grines CL, O’Neill WW (1997) Am J Coll Cardiol 80:994–997

    Google Scholar 

  52. Cho GY, Lee CW, Hong MK, Kim JJ, Park SW, Park SJ (2001) Effects of stent design on side branch occlusion after coronary stent placement. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 52(1):18–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Riedel CH, Tietke M, Alfke K, Stingele R, Jansen O (2009) Subacute stent thrombosis in intracranial stenting. Stroke 40:1310–1314

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Jiang WJ, Du B, Leung TW, Xu XT, Jin M, Dong KH (2007) Symptomatic intracranial stenosis: cerebrovascular complications from elective stent placement. Radiology 243:188–197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. van Werkum JW, Heestermans AA, Zomer AC, Kelder JC, Suttorp MJ, Rensing BJ, Kolen JJ, Brueren BR, Dambrink JHE, Hautvast RW, Verheugt FW, ten Berg JM (2009) Predictors of coronary stent thrombosis—the Dutch Stent Thrombosis Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 53:1399–1409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Prabhrakan S, Wells KR, Lee VH, Flaherty CA, Lopes DK (2007) Prevalence and risk factors for aspirin and clopidogrel resistance in cerebrovascular stenting. Am J Neuroradiol 29:281–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Brandt JT, Payne CD, Wiviott SD, Weerakkody G, Farid NA, Small DS, Jakubowski JA, Naganuma H, Winters KJ (2007) A comparison of prasugrel and clopidogrel loading doses on platelet function: magnitude of platelet inhibition is related to active metabolite formation. Am Heart J 153:66.e9–66.e16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann FJ, Ardissino D, De Servi S, Murphy SA, Riesmeyer J, Weerakkody G, Gibson CM, Antman M, for the TRITON-TIMI 38 investigators (2007) Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 357:2001–2015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. The SSYLVIA Study Investigators (2004) Stenting of symptomatic atherosclerotic lesions in the vertebral or intracranial arteries (SSYLVIA). Stroke 35:1388–1392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Miao ZR, Feng L, Li S, Zhu F, Ji X, Jiao L, Ling F (2009) Treatment of symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis with balloon-mounted stents: long-term follow up at a single center. Neurosurgery 64:79–85

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Zaidat OO, Klucznik R, Alexander MJ, Chaloupka J, Lutsep H, Barnwell S, Mawad M, Lane B, Lynn MJ, Chimowitz M, For the NIH Multicenter Wingspan Intracranial Stent Registry Study Group (2008) The NIH registry on use of the Wingspan stent for symptomatic 70–99% intracranial arterial stenosis. Neurology 70:1518–1524

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Mazighi M, Yadav JS, Abou-Chebl A (2008) Durability of endovascular therapy for symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. Stroke 39:1766–1769

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Fiorella D, Chow M, Anderson M, Woo H, Rasmussen PA, Masaryk TJ (2007) A 7-year experience with balloon-mounted coronary stents for the treatment of symptomatic vertebrobasilar atheromatous disease. Neurosurgery 61:236–243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Bose A, Hartmann M, Henkes H, Liu HM, Teng M, Szikora I, Berlis A, Reul J, Yu S, Forsting M, Lui M, Lim W, Po Sit S (2007) A novel self-expanding, nitinol stent in medically refractory intracranial atherosclerotic stenoses The Wingspan Study. Stroke 38:1531–1537

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Jiang WJ, Xu XT, Jin M, Du B, Dong KH, Dai JP (2007) Apollo stent for symptomatic atherosclerotic intracranial stenosis: study results. Am J Neuroradiol 28:830–834

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Vajda Z, Miloslavski E, Güthe T, Schmid E, Schul C, Albes G, Henkes H (2009) Treatment of intracranial ahterosclerotic arterial stenoses with a balloon-expandable cobalt chromium stent (Coroflex Blue). Neuroradiology. doi:10.1007/s00234-009-0615-7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Levy EI, Turk AS, Albuquerque FC, Niemann DB, Aagard-Kienitz B, Pride L, Purdy P, Welch B, Woo H, Rasmussen PA, Hopkins LN, Masaryk TJ, McDougall CG, Fiorella D (2007) Wingspan in-stent restenosis and thrombosis: incidence, clinical presentation and management. Neurosurgery 61:644–651

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Turk AS, Levy EI, Albuquerque FC, Pride GL, Woo H, Welch BG, Niemann DB, Purdy PD, Aagaard-Kienitz B, Rasmussen PA, Hopkins LN, Masaryk TJ, McDougall CG, Fiorella D (2008) Influence of patient age and stenosis location on wingspan in-stent restenosis. Am J Neuroradiol 29:23–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Fiorella D, Levy EI, Turk AS, Albuquerque FC, Pride GL, Woo hH, Welch BG, Niemann DB, Purdy PD, Aagaard-Kienitz B, Rasmussen PA, Hopkins LN, Masaryk TJ, McDougall CG (2009) Target lesion revascularization after wingspan—assessment of safety and durability. Stroke 40:106–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Gupta R, Al-Ali F, Thomas AJ, Horowitz MB, Barrow T, Vora NA, Uchino K, Hammer MD, Wechsler LR, Jovin TG (2006) Safety, feasibility, and short-term follow-up of drug-eluting stent placement in the intracranial and extracranial circulation. Stroke 37:2562–2566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Steinfort B, Ng PP, Faulder K, Harrington T, Grinnel V, Sorby W, Morgan M (2007) Midterm outcomes of paclictaxel-eluting stents for the treatment of intracranial posterior circulation stenoses. J Neurosurg 106:222–225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Boulos AS, Agner C, Deshaies EM (2005) Preliminary evidence supporting the safety of drug-eluting stents in neurovascular disease. Neurol Res 27:S95–S102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Abou-Chebl A, Bashir Q, Yadav JS (2005) Drug-eluting stents for treatment of intracranial atherosclerosis. Stroke 36:e165–e168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Tamhane U, Meier P, Chetcuti S, Chen KY, Rha SW, Grossmann MP, Gurm H (2009) Efficacy of cilostazol in reducing restenosis in patients untergoing contemporary stent based PCI: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Euro Intervent 5:384–393

    Google Scholar 

  75. Biondi-Zoccai GG, Lotrionte M, Anselmino M, Moretti C, Agostoni P, Testa L, Abbate A, Cosgrave J, Laudito A, Trevi GP, Sheiban I (2008) Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials appraising the impact of cilostazol after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J 155:1081–1089

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest statement

We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroradiology, Alfried-Krupp-Krankenhaus, Alfried Krupp Strasse 21, 45131, Essen, Germany

    Wiebke Kurre & René Chapot

  2. Department of Neuroradiology, Goethe Universität, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany

    Richard du Mesnil de Rochemont & Joachim Berkefeld

Authors
  1. Wiebke Kurre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. René Chapot
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Richard du Mesnil de Rochemont
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Joachim Berkefeld
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wiebke Kurre.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kurre, W., Chapot, R., du Mesnil de Rochemont, R. et al. Intracranial stenting in atherosclerotic disease—recent results and challenges to face. Neuroradiology 52, 633–644 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-010-0678-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-010-0678-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation