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Experimental study of laminar forced convective heat transfer of deionized water based copper (I) oxide nanofluids in a tube with constant wall heat flux

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Abstract

Nanofluids, having 1–100 nm size particles in any base fluid are promising fluid for heat transfer intensification due to their enhanced thermal conductivity as compared with the base fluid. The forced convection of nanofluids is the major practical application in heat transfer equipments. In this study, heat transfer enhancements at constant wall heat flux under laminar flow conditions were investigated. Nanofluids of different volume fractions (1, 2 and 4 %) of copper (I) oxide nanoparticles in deionized water were prepared using two step technique under mechanical mixing and ultrasonication. The results were investigated by increasing the Reynolds number of the nanofluids at constant heat flux. The trends of Nusselt number variation with dimensionless length (X/D) and Reynolds numbers were studied. It was observed that heat transfer coefficient increases with increases particles volume concentration and Reynolds number. The maximum enhancement in heat transfer coefficient of 61 % was observed with 4 % particle volume concentration at Reynolds number (Re ~ 605).

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Abbreviations

Cp :

Specific heat capacity [kJ/(kg K)]

D:

Diameter (of test section pipe) (m)

f :

Friction factor of (nano)fluid in test section

h:

Average heat transfer coefficient in test section [W/(m2 K)]

hx :

Local heat transfer coefficient [W/(m2 K)]

k:

Thermal conductivity [W/(m K)]

L:

Length of heated test section (m)

lj :

Length of particular section j of test section (m)

Q:

Mass flow rate through test rig (kg/s)

Nu:

Average Nusselt number in test section

Nux :

Local Nusselt number

Gz:

Graetz number

f:

Fluid

w:

Wall

A:

Area (m2)

p:

Pressure (Pa)

P:

Electric power (W)

Pr:

Prandtl number of fluid in test section

q″:

Heat flux density from test section pipe to water (W/m2)

Q′:

Heat flux from test section pipe to water (W)

Re:

Reynolds number

T:

Temperature (°C)

Tin :

Fluid temperature at inlet to test section (°C)

Tout :

Fluid temperature at outlet of test section (°C)

u:

Fluid velocity in test section (m/s)

Q:

Volume flow rate (m3/s)

X:

Distance from start of heating in test section to place j∗ (Dimensionless)

Δ:

Difference

μ :

Dynamic viscosity [kg/(m s)]

ρ:

Density (kg/m3)

Φ :

Volume fraction (%)

NPs:

Nanoparticles

HTC:

Heat transfer coefficient

TC:

Thermocouple

MWCNT:

Multi-wall carbon nanotube

DWCNT:

Double wall carbon nanotube

p:

Particle

nf:

Nanofluids

bf:

Base fluids

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Acknowledgments

The authors express immense thanks to Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, for providing test facility and analysis instruments. We are also thankful to Mr. Muhammad Shabbir, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, UET, Lahore for providing deionized water.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology, Multan, Pakistan

    Asim Umer

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

    Shahid Naveed & Naveed Ramzan

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  1. Asim Umer
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  2. Shahid Naveed
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  3. Naveed Ramzan
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Correspondence to Asim Umer.

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Umer, A., Naveed, S. & Ramzan, N. Experimental study of laminar forced convective heat transfer of deionized water based copper (I) oxide nanofluids in a tube with constant wall heat flux. Heat Mass Transfer 52, 2015–2025 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-015-1713-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-015-1713-1

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