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Mechanisms of dispersal and establishment drive a stepping stone community assembly on seamounts and oceanic islands

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Abstract

The mechanisms driving the ecology and biodiversity of seamount communities are still unclear. Here we analyzed the distribution and species traits of reef fish species recorded over seamounts, oceanic islands, and the continental shelf of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean to understand the influence of mechanisms of dispersal and establishment in these ecosystems. Species richness did not decrease with distance from the mainland, and community composition was not related to geographic position and geological history of seamounts and oceanic islands. Similarity among sites was explained by habitat heterogeneity, shallowest depth, and distance from mainland. Inter-site isolation had a significant influence on the spatial turnover of species. All species traits related to dispersal and establishment worked as ecological filters driving the composition of communities and distribution of species along seamounts and oceanic islands. We conclude that seamount communities are closely related to those of oceanic islands, with the stepping-stones (inter-site isolation) process being the most important one shaping species composition and distribution. Establishment and dispersal mechanisms, in combination with historical sea-level fluctuations, regulate the persistence of species and the similarity of communities among adjacent and environmentally similar sites.

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Acknowledgements

This work is dedicated to our good friend Thiony Simon (1985–2016), in memoriam. His geniality, enthusiasm and benevolence will never be forgotten. We thank Lucas B. Xavier, Michael S. Netto, Lúcio Engler, Carlos Janovitch, Rebreather Clube do Brasil, InnerSpace Systems Corp., Liquivision Products, Inc., Atrasorb Absorvedores de CO2, Scubatech and Subaquática for diving support and logistics; the Abaeté, Itamaracá IX and Cat Guruça crews for logistics and friendship onboard; TAMAR/ICMBio, ICMBio, IBAMA and the Brazilian Navy for logistics and collection permits; João F. Tonini for reviews and suggestions on the first draft of the paper; PANGEA expedition for sharing video footage. The study was mainly funded by the Brazilian National Council for Research (CNPq; grants 470725/2009-5, 557043/2009-3 and 405426/2012-7 to JCJ). Financial support was provided by the Brazilian Ministry Educational Council (CAPES, finance code 001) to EM (Msc fellowship), TS (PhD fellowship), JLG (PhD fellowship), and RMM (CAPES/PNPD); by the National Council for Research (CNPq–GDE 202475/2011-5), University of California Santa Cruz, and the Hope for Reefs initiative of the California Academy of Sciences to HTP (PhD and research fellowships). CELF, SRF, and RLM acknowledge CNPq and CAPES individual grants. JPQ acknowledges FAPESP (2018/21380-0). The authors thank R. Morais and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments during the review process of the manuscript.

Funding

Brazilian National Council for Research (CNPq; grants 470725/2009–5, 557043/2009–3 and 405426/2012–7 to JCJ). Financial support was provided by the Brazilian Ministry Educational Council (CAPES, finance code 001) to EM (Msc fellowship), TS (PhD fellowship), JLG (PhD fellowship), and RMM (CAPES/PNPD); by the National Council for Research (CNPq–GDE 202475/2011–5), University of California Santa Cruz, and the Hope for Reefs initiative of the California Academy of Sciences to HTP (PhD and research fellowships). Partial financial support was provided by ‘‘Programa de Monitoramento de Longa Duração das Comunidades Recifais de Ilhas Oceânicas – PELD ILOC’’ (CNPq 441241/2016-6, CELF-PI).

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Author notes

  1. Eric F. Mazzei, Hudson T. Pinheiro, and Jean-Christophe Joyeux contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil

    Eric F. Mazzei, Hudson T. Pinheiro, Thiony Simon, Raphael M. Macieira, Caio R. Pimentel, João Batista Teixeira, Renato D. Ghisolfi, João Luiz Gasparini & Jean-Christophe Joyeux

  2. Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil

    Eric F. Mazzei

  3. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Hudson T. Pinheiro & Luiz A. Rocha

  4. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

    Hudson T. Pinheiro & Luiz A. Rocha

  5. Instituto de Biologia and SAGE/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Rodrigo L. Moura

  6. Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil

    Sergio R. Floeter

  7. Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil

    Carlos Eduardo L. Ferreira

  8. Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, SP, Brazil

    Ronaldo B. Francini-Filho & Juan P. Quimbayo

  9. Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Macaé, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Conservação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brazil

    João Luiz Gasparini

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  1. Eric F. Mazzei
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  2. Hudson T. Pinheiro
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  9. Carlos Eduardo L. Ferreira
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Contributions

EFM and HTP conceived the idea for this study; EFM, HTP, TS, RM, RMM, RBF, JLG and JCJ collected and compiled the data; EFM, HTP, TS, RM, CRP, JBT, SRF, CELF, RBF, JPQ and JCJ analyzed the data; EFM, HTP, TS, RM, J-CJ led the writing and RMM, CRP, JBT, SRF, CELF, RBF, LAR, JPQ, and JLG reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hudson T. Pinheiro.

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The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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This study is approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CEUA-UFES 017–2009).

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Mazzei, E.F., Pinheiro, H.T., Simon, T. et al. Mechanisms of dispersal and establishment drive a stepping stone community assembly on seamounts and oceanic islands. Mar Biol 168, 109 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03919-7

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