Abstract
Environmental controls on the biogeographic distribution of species are becoming increasingly relevant under the present climate change conditions. The reproductive cycle of the acorn barnacle Semibalanus balanoides at its southernmost European distribution limit in Galicia (Northwest Iberian Peninsula) was studied in two locations (42.57°N 8.96°W, 42.61°N 8.89°W) with different temperatures during a 4-year time series (2012–2016), where an isolated population breeds even though the temperature thresholds documented for northern populations of the species are exceeded. Ovary production, total number of embryos and pre-hatching developmental stage were significantly higher in the colder location than in the warmer one. Fecundity was higher in colder reproductive seasons mediated by upwelling regime and food supply 3 months prior to fertilization. Investment in ovary tissue was favored by high temperatures and food availability, whereas suspended sediment was negatively correlated with investment in ovary tissue. Larvae release was associated with high temperatures and suspended sediment. Phenology of reproductive events was similar to what was described in farther north populations. Results indicated that reproductive output of the species at its southernmost European distribution limit is comparable to that reported in northern latitudes and suggest adaptation or acclimatization to local environmental conditions as maturation of gonads and fertilization was successfully carried out at higher temperatures than documented in northern European populations.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Jesús Pineda and Victoria Starczak for providing the embryo development scale. We thank Esther Pérez (Universidade de Vigo) and Luis Garabán for assistance in collecting the field animals. We thank Dr. Sarah Woodin and two anonymous reviewers who helped to improve the manuscript. Thanks to ECIMAT (Universidade de Vigo) for providing the facilities. Field work was funded by Xunta de Galicia-FEDER (GRC2013–004), NASA grant NNX11AP77G and NSF grant 1129401. MH was supported by ECIMAT (Universidade de Vigo) training grant. DSW was supported by NASA grants NNX11AP77G and 80NSSC20K0074 and NSF grant 1129401. GM was supported by NASA NNX11AP77G and a contract through project MARISCO (CTM2014–51935–R) from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad to EV. This is contribution no. 104 in Ecological Forecasting from the University of South Carolina. The present work is part of the doctoral thesis of M.H.
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Herrera, M., Wethey, D.S., Vázquez, E. et al. Living on the edge: reproductive cycle of a boreal barnacle at its southernmost distribution limit. Mar Biol 168, 100 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03909-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03909-9