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Varying dependency of Antarctic euphausiids on ice algae- and phytoplankton-derived carbon sources during summer

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Abstract

Sea ice algae can constitute an important carbon source for high-Antarctic euphausiids during winter. To quantify the importance of this ‘sympagic carbon’ during summer, the three most abundant Antarctic euphausiids, Euphausia superba, E. crystallorophias, and Thysanoessa macrura, collected off the Filchner Ice Shelf, were analyzed regarding their fatty acid (FA) and stable isotope compositions. Fingerprints of diatom- and dinoflagellate-associated FAs in the euphausiids indicated a mixed carbon source composition for all three species. Bulk and FA-specific carbon stable isotope compositions (δ13C) were used to quantify the contribution of sympagic carbon versus phytoplankton-produced carbon to the euphausiids’ carbon budget, suggesting a lower proportional contribution of sympagic carbon in E. superba (5–18%) compared to E. crystallorophias (16–36%) and T. macrura (15–36%). The latter two species probably received sympagic carbon through heterotrophic prey, a hitherto overlooked source of sympagic carbon for pelagic species. Euphausiids collected close to the surface indicated a higher importance of sympagic carbon to their carbon budget compared to individuals caught at greater depths. Our results imply that, in the southern Weddell Sea, ice algae play a significant, but possibly not critical role as a carbon source for the three euphausiids during summer. Their ability to utilize carbon of different origins implies a certain resilience to environmental change during summer. The winter period, however, remains the critical bottle neck of survival when Antarctic sea ice declines, because during this season of minimal pelagic productivity, ice algae standing stocks constitute the only dependable carbon source.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the captain Stefan Schwarze and the crew of the RV ‘Polarstern’ expedition PS82 for their excellent support with work at sea. We thank Theresa Geißler, Julia Dürschlag and Dieter Janssen for their help with the laboratory analyses at the Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany. Furthermore, we acknowledge the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Benjamin A. Lange: D. Kohlbach and B. A. Lange received a NSERC Visiting Fellowship in Canadian Laboratories. Comments and suggestions by two anonymous reviewers helped to improve the original version of the manuscript. This study is part of the Helmholtz Association Young Investigators Group Iceflux: Ice-ecosystem carbon flux in polar oceans (VH-NG-800).

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  1. Doreen Kohlbach & Benjamin Allen Lange

    Present address: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, R3T 2N6, Canada

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Doreen Kohlbach, Benjamin Allen Lange, Martin Graeve, Martina Vortkamp & Hauke Flores

  2. Centre for Natural History (CeNak), Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany

    Doreen Kohlbach, Benjamin Allen Lange & Hauke Flores

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  1. Doreen Kohlbach
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Correspondence to Doreen Kohlbach.

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Kohlbach, D., Lange, B.A., Graeve, M. et al. Varying dependency of Antarctic euphausiids on ice algae- and phytoplankton-derived carbon sources during summer. Mar Biol 166, 79 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-019-3527-z

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