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Worms without borders: genetic diversity patterns in four Brazilian Ototyphlonemertes species (Nemertea, Hoplonemertea)

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Abstract

Understanding the evolutionary processes from recent demographic history is especially difficult for interstitial organisms due to their poorly known natural history. In this study, the genetic variation and population history of the four Ototyphlonemertes (Diesing in Sitz ber Math Nat Kl Akad Wiss Wien 46:413–416, 1863) species were evaluated from samples collected along the Brazilian coast (between 27°31′S and 13°00′W) in 2006. The mitochondrial region cytochrome c oxidase subunit 3 (COX3) is analyzed to assess the genetic variation of these dioecious species. Although these species have a sympatric distribution along the coast, our data suggest that their levels of differentiation and their demographic histories differ sharply. There is strong evidence of gene flow among demes in O. erneba and O. evelinae, and their level of structuring is much lower than for the other two species. Indeed, the COX3 fragment reveals cryptic lineages in O. lactea and O. parmula. The results seem to contradict the high genetic structuring and low intrapopulational variability expected with the ecological constriction and habitat discontinuity faced by these organisms, meaning that there might be gene flow among populations or their dispersal capability has been underestimated.

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Notes

  1. This O. fila designation was changed to O. parmula after this manuscript was accepted.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to all colleagues and friends from the V.N.S laboratory who helped with the fieldwork. The comments of K. Jörger, G. Giribet, and two anonymous reviewers also greatly improved the manuscript. We are grateful to staff in the Invertebrate Zoology Department (NMNH, Smithsonian Institution), especially Barbara Littman, Cynthia Santos and Jen Hammock; and to Jeff Hunt, Andrea Ormos and other members of the LAB (NMNH, Smithsonian Institution). We are in debt to Gonzalo Giribet and his laboratory at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, for hosting S.C.S.A. during the last stages of data collection. We are also grateful to the staff of the Research Computing cluster odyssey facility from the Faculty of Arts and Sciences located at Harvard University. S.C.S.A. was supported for this work by a fellowship from CNPq and partly by a Smithsonian Institution Postdoctoral Fellowship. This work was supported by FAPESP grant 05/56347 to V.N.S. and FAEP grant 519/292 to S.C.S.A.

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  1. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20560-0163, USA

    Sónia C. S. Andrade & Jon L. Norenburg

  2. Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil

    Sónia C. S. Andrade & Vera N. Solferini

  3. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

    Sónia C. S. Andrade

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  1. Sónia C. S. Andrade
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Correspondence to Sónia C. S. Andrade.

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Communicated by S. Uthicke.

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Andrade, S.C.S., Norenburg, J.L. & Solferini, V.N. Worms without borders: genetic diversity patterns in four Brazilian Ototyphlonemertes species (Nemertea, Hoplonemertea). Mar Biol 158, 2109–2124 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-011-1718-3

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