Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) receptor (CNTFR) expression has been described in osteoblast-like cells, suggesting a role for CNTF in bone metabolism. When bound to CNTF, neuropoietin (NP), or cardiotrophin-like-cytokine (CLC), CNTFR forms a signaling complex with gp130 and the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor, which both play critical roles in bone cell biology. This study aimed to determine the role of CNTFR-signaling cytokines in bone. Immunohistochemistry detected CNTF in osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and proliferating chondrocytes. CNTFR mRNA was detected in primary calvarial osteoblasts and was upregulated during osteoblast differentiation. Treatment of osteoblasts with CNTF or CLC, but not NP, significantly inhibited mineralization and osterix mRNA levels. Twelve-week-old male CNTF −/− mice demonstrated reduced femoral length, cortical thickness, and periosteal circumference; but femoral trabecular bone mineral density (Tb.BMD) and tibial trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) were not significantly different from wild-type, indicating a unique role for CNTF in bone growth in male mice. In contrast, female CNTF −/− femora were of normal width, but femoral Tb.BMD, tibial BV/TV, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness were all increased. Female CNTF −/− tibiae also demonstrated high osteoblast number and mineral apposition rate compared to wild-type littermates, and this was intrinsic to the osteoblast lineage. CNTF is expressed locally in bone and plays a unique role in female mice as an inhibitor of trabecular bone formation and in male mice as a stimulus of cortical growth.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sims NA (2009) gp130 signaling in bone cell biology: multiple roles revealed by analysis of genetically altered mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 310:30–39
Ware CB, Horowitz MC, Renshaw BR, Hunt JS, Liggitt D, Koblar SA, Gliniak BC, McKenna HJ, Papayannopoulou T, Thoma B et al (1995) Targeted disruption of the low-affinity leukemia inhibitory factor receptor gene causes placental, skeletal, neural and metabolic defects and results in perinatal death. Development 121:1283–1299
Kawasaki K, Gao YH, Yokose S, Kaji Y, Nakamura T, Suda T, Yoshida K, Taga T, Kishimoto T, Kataoka H, Yuasa T, Norimatsu H, Yamaguchi A (1997) Osteoclasts are present in gp130-deficient mice. Endocrinology 138:4959–4965
Shin HI, Divieti P, Sims NA, Kobayashi T, Miao D, Karaplis AC, Baron R, Bringhurst R, Kronenberg HM (2004) Gp130-mediated signaling is necessary for normal osteoblastic function in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology 145:1376–1385
Cornish J, Callon K, King A, Edgar S, Reid IR (1993) The effect of leukemia inhibitory factor on bone in vivo. Endocrinology 132:1359–1366
Walker EC, McGregor NE, Poulton IJ, Pompolo S, Allan EH, Quinn JM, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ, Sims NA (2008) Cardiotrophin-1 is an osteoclast-derived stimulus of bone formation required for normal bone remodeling. J Bone Miner Res 23:2025–2032
Walker EC, Mcgregor NE, Pompolo S, Poulton IJ, Quinn JMW, Zhang JG, Nicola NA, Solano M, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ, Sims NA (2010) Oncostatin M promotes bone formation independently of resorption when signaling through leukemia inhibitory factor receptor in mice. J Clin Invest. doi:10.1172/JCI40568
Romas E, Udagawa N, Zhou H, Tamura T, Saito M, Taga T, Hilton DJ, Suda T, Ng KW, Martin TJ (1996) The role of gp130-mediated signals in osteoclast development: regulation of interleukin 11 production by osteoblasts and distribution of its receptor in bone marrow cultures. J Exp Med 183:2581–2591
Tamura T, Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Miyaura C, Tanaka S, Yamada Y, Koishihara Y, Ohsugi Y, Kumaki K, Taga T et al (1993) Soluble interleukin-6 receptor triggers osteoclast formation by interleukin 6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:11924–11928
Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Katagiri T, Tamura T, Wada S, Findlay DM, Martin TJ, Hirota H, Taga T, Kishimoto T et al (1995) Interleukin (IL)-6 induction of osteoclast differentiation depends on IL-6 receptors expressed on osteoblastic cells but not on osteoclast progenitors. J Exp Med 182:1461–1468
Davis S, Aldrich TH, Valenzuela DM, Wong VV, Furth ME, Squinto SP, Yancopoulos GD (1991) The receptor for ciliary neurotrophic factor. Science 253:59–63
Derouet D, Rousseau F, Alfonsi F, Froger J, Hermann J, Barbier F, Perret D, Diveu C, Guillet C, Preisser L, Dumont A, Barbado M, Morel A, deLapeyriere O, Gascan H, Chevalier S (2004) Neuropoietin, a new IL-6-related cytokine signaling through the ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:4827–4832
Elson GC, Lelievre E, Guillet C, Chevalier S, Plun-Favreau H, Froger J, Suard I, de Coignac AB, Delneste Y, Bonnefoy JY, Gauchat JF, Gascan H (2000) CLF associates with CLC to form a functional heteromeric ligand for the CNTF receptor complex. Nat Neurosci 3:867–872
Stahl N, Yancopoulos GD (1994) The tripartite CNTF receptor complex: activation and signaling involves components shared with other cytokines. J Neurobiol 25:1454–1466
Bellido T, Stahl N, Farruggella TJ, Borba V, Yancopoulos GD, Manolagas SC (1996) Detection of receptors for interleukin-6, interleukin-11, leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, and ciliary neurotrophic factor in bone marrow stromal/osteoblastic cells. J Clin Invest 97:431–437
Liu F, Aubin JE, Malaval L (2002) Expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)/interleukin-6 family cytokines and receptors during in vitro osteogenesis: differential regulation by dexamethasone and LIF. Bone 31:212–219
Bellido T, Borba VZ, Roberson P, Manolagas SC (1997) Activation of the Janus kinase/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signal transduction pathway by interleukin-6-type cytokines promotes osteoblast differentiation. Endocrinology 138:3666–3676
Forger NG, Prevette D, deLapeyriere O, de Bovis B, Wang S, Bartlett P, Oppenheim RW (2003) Cardiotrophin-like cytokine/cytokine-like factor 1 is an essential trophic factor for lumbar and facial motoneurons in vivo. J Neurosci 23:8854–8858
Zhang P, Turner CH, Yokota H (2009) Joint loading-driven bone formation and signaling pathways predicted from genome-wide expression profiles. Bone 44:989–998
Alexander WS, Rakar S, Robb L, Farley A, Willson TA, Zhang JG, Hartley L, Kikuchi Y, Kojima T, Nomura H, Hasegawa M, Maeda M, Fabri L, Jachno K, Nash A, Metcalf D, Nicola NA, Hilton DJ (1999) Suckling defect in mice lacking the soluble haemopoietin receptor NR6. Curr Biol 9:605–608
Masu Y, Wolf E, Holtmann B, Sendtner M, Brem G, Thoenen H (1993) Disruption of the CNTF gene results in motor neuron degeneration. Nature 365:27–32
Sims NA, Clement-Lacroix P, Da Ponte F, Bouali Y, Binart N, Moriggl R, Goffin V, Coschigano K, Gaillard-Kelly M, Kopchick J, Baron R, Kelly PA (2000) Bone homeostasis in growth hormone receptor-null mice is restored by IGF-I but independent of Stat5. J Clin Invest 106:1095–1103
Sims NA, Brennan K, Spaliviero J, Handelsman DJ, Seibel MJ (2006) Perinatal testosterone surge is required for normal adult bone size but not for normal bone remodeling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290:E456–E462
Horn D, Rivas P, McCluskey B, Mundy GR, Gutierrez G (2002) A new staining technique for undecalcified bone sections that enhances visualization of fluorochromes. J Bone Miner Res 17:S416
Sims NA, Dupont S, Krust A, Clement-Lacroix P, Minet D, Resche-Rigon M, Gaillard-Kelly M, Baron R (2002) Deletion of estrogen receptors reveals a regulatory role for estrogen receptors-beta in bone remodeling in females but not in males. Bone 30:18–25
Sims NA, White CP, Sunn KL, Thomas GP, Drummond ML, Morrison NA, Eisman JA, Gardiner EM (1997) Human and murine osteocalcin gene expression: conserved tissue restricted expression and divergent responses to 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in vivo. Mol Endocrinol 11:1695–1708
Quinn JM, Sims NA, Saleh H, Mirosa D, Thompson K, Bouralexis S, Walker EC, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT (2008) IL-23 inhibits osteoclastogenesis indirectly through lymphocytes and is required for the maintenance of bone mass in mice. J Immunol 181:5720–5729
Quinn JM, Whitty GA, Byrne RJ, Gillespie MT, Hamilton JA (2002) The generation of highly enriched osteoclast-lineage cell populations. Bone 30:164–170
Onan D, Allan EH, Quinn JM, Gooi JH, Pompolo S, Sims NA, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ (2009) The chemokine Cxcl1 is a novel target gene of parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein in committed osteoblasts. Endocrinology 150:2244–2253
Girasole G, Jilka RL, Passeri G, Boswell S, Boder G, Williams DC, Manolagas SC (1992) 17Beta-estradiol inhibits interleukin-6 production by bone marrow-derived stromal cells and osteoblasts in vitro: a potential mechanism for the antiosteoporotic effect of estrogens. J Clin Invest 89:883–891
Calvi LM, Sims NA, Hunzelman JL, Knight MC, Giovannetti A, Saxton JM, Kronenberg HM, Baron R, Schipani E (2001) Activated parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone–related protein receptor in osteoblastic cells differentially affects cortical and trabecular bone. J Clin Invest 107:277–286
Sims NA, Jenkins BJ, Quinn JM, Nakamura A, Glatt M, Gillespie MT, Ernst M, Martin TJ (2004) Glycoprotein 130 regulates bone turnover and bone size by distinct downstream signaling pathways. J Clin Invest 113:379–389
Forger NG, Wagner CK, Contois M, Bengston L, MacLennan AJ (1998) Ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha in spinal motoneurons is regulated by gonadal hormones. J Neurosci 18:8720–8729
Park JJ, Howell M, Winseck A, Forger NG (1999) Effects of testosterone on the development of a sexually dimorphic neuromuscular system in ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor knockout mice. J Neurobiol 41:317–325
van Bezooijen RL, Roelen BA, Visser A, van der Wee-Pals L, de Wilt E, Karperien M, Hamersma H, Papapoulos SE, ten Dijke P, Lowik CW (2004) Sclerostin is an osteocyte-expressed negative regulator of bone formation, but not a classical BMP antagonist. J Exp Med 199:805–814
Lelievre E, Plun-Favreau H, Chevalier S, Froger J, Guillet C, Elson GC, Gauchat JF, Gascan H (2001) Signaling pathways recruited by the cardiotrophin-like cytokine/cytokine-like factor-1 composite cytokine: specific requirement of the membrane-bound form of ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor alpha component. J Biol Chem 276:22476–22484
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. John Wark and Ms. Susan Kantor at the Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, for use of pQCT and Dr. Bettina Holtmann and Prof. Michael Sendtner, University of Würzburg, for providing CNTF −/− mice. We also thank staff at the Bioresources Centre, St. Vincent’s Health, for excellent animal care. The work was supported by NHMRC (Australia) Program Grant 345401 (to N. A. S. and T. J. M.). N. A. S. is supported by an NHMRC (Australia) Senior Research Fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The authors have stated that they have no conflict of interest.
An erratum to this article can be found online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00223-013-9719-5.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
McGregor, N.E., Poulton, I.J., Walker, E.C. et al. Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Inhibits Bone Formation and Plays a Sex-Specific Role in Bone Growth and Remodeling. Calcif Tissue Int 86, 261–270 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-010-9337-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-010-9337-4