Abstract
In this paper, we analyze the relationship between head and chest movements and gaze direction in both walking and non-walking conditions. In a different approach from existing studies, we aim to analyze behavior when humans intentionally gaze at a certain target from two perspectives: (1) the relationship between gaze and body movements and (2) the effects of walking on body motion. We performed three experiments: fixed target scenes (Experiment 1), moving target scenes (Experiment 2) and more realistic gazing scenes (Experiment 3). The experimental results showed a linear relationship between the head and chest directions and gaze directions regardless of walking, non-walking situations, or target movements, and stronger gaze–head correlations than gaze–chest correlations. Further, we found effects of walking that constrained rotational body movements, and that body parts with larger moments were easily affected by walking. These results suggest that the findings of existing studies in non-walking situations may be applicable to walking situations directly or with simple modifications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anastasopoulos D, Ziavra N, Hollands M, Bronstein A (2009) Gaze displacement and inter-segmental coordination during large whole body voluntary rotations. Exp Brain Res 193:323–336
Anastasopoulos D, Naushahi J, Sklavos S, Bronstein AM (2015) Fast gaze reorientations by combined movements of the eye, head, trunk and lower extremities. Exp Brain Res 233:1639–1650
Barnes G (1979) Vestibulo-ocular function during co-ordinated head and eye movements to acquire visual targets. J Psychol 287:127–147
Bernardin D, Kadone H, Bennequin D, Sugar T, Zaoui M, Berthoz A (2012) Gaze anticipation during human locomotion. Exp Brain Res 223(1):65–78
Bruijn SM, Meijer OG, Beek PJ, van Dieën JH (2010) The effects of arm swing on human gait stability. J Exp Biol 213(23):3945–3952
Bruijn SM, Meijer OG, Van Dieen JH, Kingma I, Lamoth CJ (2008) Coordination of leg swing, thorax rotations, and pelvis rotations during gait: the organisation of total body angular momentum. Gait Posture 27(3):455–462
Cinelli M, Patla A, Stuart B (2007) Involvement of the head and trunk during gaze reorientation during standing and treadmill walking. Exp Brain Res 181:183–191
Einhauser W, Schumann F, Bardins S, Bartl K, Boning G, Schneider E, Konig P (2007) Human eye-head co-ordination in natural exploration. Netw Comput Neural Syst 18(3):267–297
Fang Y, Nakashima R, Matsumiya K, Kuriki I, Shioiri S (2015) Eye-head coordination for visual cognitive processing. PLoS One 10:3
Freedman EG (2008) Coordination of the eyes and head during visual orienting. Exp Brain Res 190:369–387
Freedman EG, Sparks DL (2000) Coordination of the eyes and head: movement kinematics. Exp Brain Res 131:22–32
Grasso R, Glasauer S, Takei Y, Berthoz A (1996) The predictive brain: anticipatory control of head direction for the steering of locomotion. NeuroReport 7(6):1170–1174
Grasso R, Prevost P, Ivanenko YP, Berthoz A (1998) Eye-head coordination for the steering of locomotion in humans: an anticipatory synergy. Neurosci Lett 253(2):115–118
Imai T, Moore ST, Raphan T (2001) Interaction of the body, head and eyes during walking and turning. Exp Brain Res 136:1–18
Ivanenko YP, Grasso R, Lacquaniti F (2000) Neck muscle vibration makes walking humans accelerate in the direction of gaze. J Physiol 525(3):803–814
Jahn K, Kalla R, Karg S, Strupp M, Brandt T (2006) Eccentric eye and head positions in darkness induce deviation from the intended path. Exp Brain Res 174(1):152–157
Kavanagh J, Barrett R, Morrison S (2006) The role of the neck and trunk in facilitating head stability during walking. Exp Brain Res 172:454–463
Kavanagh J, Morrison S, Barrett R (2005) Coordination of head and trunk accelerations during walking. Eur J Appl Physiol 94(4):468–475
Land MF (2004) The coordination of rotations of the eyes, head and trunk in saccadic turns produced in natural situations. Exp Brain Res 159:2
McDonald J, Bahill A, Friedman M (1983) An adaptive control model for human head and eye movements while walking. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 13(2):167–174
Moore ST, Hirasaki E, Raphan T, Cohen B (2001) The human vestibulo-ocular reflex during linear locomotion. Ann N Y Acad Sci 942:139–147
Okada T, Yamazoe H, Mitsugami I, Yagi Y (2013) Preliminary analysis of gait changes that correspond to gaze directions. In: International joint workshop on advanced sensing/visual attention and interaction (ASVAI), pp 788–792
Oommen BS, Smith RM, Stahl JS (2004) The influence of future gaze orientation upon eye-head coupling during saccades. Exp Brain Res 155(1):9–18
Sklavos S, Anastasopoulos D, Bronstein A (2010) Kinematic redundancy and variance of eye, head and trunk displacements during large horizontal gaze reorientations in standing humans. Exp Brain Res 202:879–890
Stahl JS (1999) Amplitude of human head movements associated with horizontal saccades. Exp Brain Res 126:41–54
Thumser Z, Oommen B, Kofman I, Stahl J (2008) Idiosyncratic variations in eye-head coupling observed in the laboratory also manifest during spontaneous behavior in a natural setting. Exp Brain Res 191:419–434
Yamazoe H, Mitsugami I, Okada T, Echigo T, Yagi Y (2017) Immersive walking environment for analyzing gaze-gait relations. Trans Virtual Real Soc Jpn 22(3):435–443
Zangemeister W, Stark L (1982) Types of gaze movement: variable interactions of eye and head movements. Exp Neurol 77:563–577
Zangemeister WH, Stark L (1982) Gaze latency: Variable interactions of head and eye latency. Exp Neurol 75:389–406
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the JST CREST “Behavior Understanding based on Intention-Gait Model” project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yamazoe, H., Mitsugami, I., Okada, T. et al. Analysis of head and chest movements that correspond to gaze directions during walking. Exp Brain Res 237, 3047–3058 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05650-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-019-05650-8