Abstract
The mating of trees approach to Schramm–Loewner evolution (SLE) in the random geometry of Liouville quantum gravity (LQG) has been recently developed by Duplantier et al. (Liouville quantum gravity as a mating of trees, 2014. arXiv:1409.7055). In this paper we consider the mating of trees approach to SLE in Euclidean geometry. Let \({\eta}\) be a whole-plane space-filling SLE with parameter \({\kappa > 4}\), parameterized by Lebesgue measure. The main observable in the mating of trees approach is the contour function, a two-dimensional continuous process describing the evolution of the Minkowski content of the left and right frontier of \({\eta}\). We prove regularity properties of the contour function and show that (as in the LQG case) it encodes all the information about the curve \({\eta}\). We also prove that the uniform spanning tree on \({\mathbb{Z}^2}\) converges to SLE8 in the natural topology associated with the mating of trees approach.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abraham R., Delmas J.-F., Hoscheit P.: A note on the Gromov–Hausdorff–Prokhorov distance between (locally) compact metric measure spaces. Electron. J. Probab. 18(14), 21 (2013)
Aldous D.: The continuum random tree. I. Ann. Probab. 19(1), 1–28 (1991)
Aldous, D.: The continuum random tree. II. An overview. In: Stochastic Analysis (Durham, 1990), Volume 167 of London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 23–70 (1991)
Aldous D.: The continuum random tree. III. Ann. Probab. 21(1), 248–289 (1993)
Barlow M.T., Croydon D.A., Kumagai T.: Subsequential scaling limits of simple random walk on the two-dimensional uniform spanning tree. Ann. Probab. 45(1), 4–55 (2017)
Benoist, S.: Natural parametrization of SLE: the Gaussian free field point of view. ArXiv e-prints, August 2017, arXiv:1708.03801
Bernardi, O.: Bijective counting of tree-rooted maps and shuffles of parenthesis systems. Electron. J. Comb., 14(1): Research Paper 9, 36 pp. (electronic), (2007).
Berestycki N.: An elementary approach to Gaussian multiplicative chaos. Electron. Commun. Probab. 22(27), 12 (2017)
Barlow M.T., Masson R.: Exponential tail bounds for loop-erased random walk in two dimensions. Ann. Probab. 38(6), 2379–2417 (2010)
Chelkak D., Duminil-Copin H., Hongler C., Kemppainen A., Smirnov S.: Convergence of Ising interfaces to Schramm’s SLE curves. C. R. Math. Acad. Sci. Paris 352(2), 157–161 (2014)
Chelkak D., Smirnov S.: Universality in the 2D Ising model and conformal invariance of fermionic observables. Invent. Math. 189(3), 515–580 (2012)
David F., Kupiainen A., Rhodes R., Vargas V.: Liouville quantum gravity on the Riemann sphere. Commun. Math. Phys. 342(3), 869–907 (2016)
Duplantier, B., Miller, J., Sheffield, S.: Liouville quantum gravity as a mating of trees. ArXiv e-prints, September 2014, arXiv:1409.7055
Duplantier B., Sheffield S.: Liouville quantum gravity and KPZ. Invent. Math. 185(2), 333–393 (2011) arXiv:1206.0212
Dubédat,J.: SLE and the free field: partition functions and couplings. J. Am. Math. Soc. 22(4), 995–1054 (2009). arXiv:0712.3018
Durrett, R.: Probability: Theory and Examples. Cambridge Series in Statistical and Probabilistic Mathematics, 4th edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2010)
Evans, L.C.: Partial Differential Equations, Volume 19 of Graduate Studies in Mathematics, 2nd edn. American Mathematical Society, Providence (2010)
Gwynne, E., Holden, N., Miller, J.: An almost sure KPZ relation for SLE and Brownian motion. ArXiv e-prints, December 2015, arXiv:1512.01223
Gwynne, E., Holden, N., Miller, J., Sun, X.: Brownian motion correlation in the peanosphere for \({\kappa > 8}\). Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Probab. Statist. (2016). arXiv:1510.04687 (To appear)
Gwynne, E., Holden, N., Sun, X.: A distance exponent for Liouville quantum gravity. ArXiv e-prints, June 2016, arXiv:1606.01214.
Gwynne, E., Holden, N., Sun, X.: Joint scaling limit of a bipolar-oriented triangulation and its dual in the peanosphere sense. ArXiv e-prints, March 2016, arXiv:1603.01194
Gwynne, E., Kassel, A., Miller, J., Wilson, D.B.: Active spanning trees with bending energy on planar maps and SLE-decorated Liouville quantum gravity for \({\kappa \geq 8}\). ArXiv e-prints, March 2016, arXiv:1603.09722
Gwynne, E., Mao, C., Sun, X.: Scaling limits for the critical Fortuin-Kasteleyn model on a random planar map I: cone times. ArXiv e-prints, February 2015, arXiv:1502.00546
Gwynne, E., Sun, X.: Scaling limits for the critical Fortuin-Kastelyn model on a random planar map III: finite volume case. ArXiv e-prints, October 2015, arXiv:1510.06346
Gwynne E., Sun X.: Scaling limits for the critical Fortuin–Kastelyn model on a random planar map II: local estimates and empty reduced word exponent. Electron. J. Probab. 22(45), 55 (2017)
Kenyon, R., Miller, J., Sheffield, S., Wilson, D.B.: Bipolar orientations on planar maps and SLE12. ArXiv e-prints, November 2015, arXiv:1511.04068
Kenyon R., Miller J., Sheffield S., Wilson D.B.: Six-vertex model and Schramm–Loewner evolution. Phys. Rev. E 95, 052146 (2017)
Kemppainen, A., Smirnov, S.: Conformal invariance in random cluster models. II. Full scaling limit as a branching SLE. ArXiv e-prints, September 2016, arXiv:1609.08527
Lawler, G.F.: Conformally Invariant Processes in the Plane, Volume 114 of Mathematical Surveys and Monographs. American Mathematical Society, Providence (2005)
Le Gall J.-F.: Random trees and applications. Probab. Surv. 2, 245–311 (2005)
Lawler G.F., Rezaei M.A.: Minkowski content and natural parameterization for the Schramm–Loewner evolution. Ann. Probab. 43(3), 1082–1120 (2015)
Lawler G.F., Sheffield S.: A natural parametrization for the Schramm–Loewner evolution. Ann. Probab. 39(5), 1896–1937 (2011) arXiv:0906.3804
Lawler G.F., Schramm O., Werner W.: Conformal invariance of planar loop-erased random walks and uniform spanning trees. Ann. Probab. 32(1B), 939–995 (2004) arXiv:math/0112234
Li, Y., Sun, X., Watson, S.S.: Schnyder woods, SLE(16), and Liouville quantum gravity. ArXiv e-prints, May 2017, arXiv:1705.03573
Lawler, G.F., Viklund, F.: Convergence of loop-erased random walk in the natural parametrization. ArXiv e-prints, March 2016, arXiv:1603.05203
Lawler, G.F., Viklund, F.: Convergence of radial loop-erased random walk in the natural parametrization. ArXiv e-prints, March 2017, arXiv:1703.03729
Masson R.: The growth exponent for planar loop-erased random walk. Electron. J. Probab. 14(36), 1012–1073 (2009)
Miller, J., Sheffield, S.: Liouville quantum gravity and the Brownian map II: geodesics and continuity of the embedding. ArXiv e-prints, May 2016, arXiv:1605.03563
Miller J., Sheffield S.: Imaginary geometry I: interacting SLEs. Probab. Theory Related Fields 164(3-4), 553–705 (2016)
Miller J., Sheffield S.: Imaginary geometry II: reversibility of \({{\rm SLE}_\kappa(\rho_1;\rho_2)}\) for \({\kappa\in(0,4)}\). Ann. Probab. 44(3), 1647–1722 (2016)
Miller J., Sheffield S.: Imaginary geometry III: reversibility of \({{\rm SLE}_\kappa}\) for \({\kappa\in(4,8)}\). Ann. Math. (2) 184(2), 455–486 (2016)
Miller J., Sheffield S.: Imaginary geometry IV: interior rays, whole-plane reversibility, and space-filling trees. Probab. Theory Relat. Fields 169(3–4), 729–869 (2017)
Mullin R.C.: On the enumeration of tree-rooted maps. Can. J. Math. 19, 174–183 (1967)
Mackey, B., Zhan, D.: Multipoint Estimates for Radial and Whole-plane SLE. ArXiv e-prints, October 2017, arXiv:1710.04261.
Prohorov Y.V.: Convergence of random processes and limit theorems in probability theory. Teor. Veroyatnost. i Primenen. 1, 177–238 (1956)
Rhodes R., Vargas V.: Gaussian multiplicative chaos and applications: a review. Probab. Surv. 11, 315–392 (2014) arXiv:1305.6221
Schramm O.: Scaling limits of loop-erased random walks and uniform spanning trees. Israel J. Math. 118, 221–288 (2000) arXiv:math/9904022
Sheffield S.: Gaussian free fields for mathematicians. Probab. Theory Related Fields 139(3-4), 521–541 (2007) arXiv:math/0312099
Sheffield S.: Conformal weldings of random surfaces: SLE and the quantum gravity zipper. Ann. Probab. 44(5), 3474–3545 (2016)
Sheffield S.: Quantum gravity and inventory accumulation. Ann. Probab. 44(6), 3804–3848 (2016)
Smirnov S.: Critical percolation in the plane: conformal invariance, Cardy’s formula, scaling limits. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math. 333(3), 239–244 (2001) arXiv:0909.4499
Schramm O., Sheffield S.: Contour lines of the two-dimensional discrete Gaussian free field. Acta Math. 202(1), 21–137 (2009) arXiv:math/0605337
Schramm O., Sheffield S.: A contour line of the continuum Gaussian free field. Probab. Theory Related Fields 157(1-2), 47–80 (2013) arXiv:math/0605337
Wilson, D.B.: Generating random spanning trees more quickly than the cover time. In: Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual ACM Symposium on the Theory of Computing (Philadelphia, PA, 1996). ACM, New York, pp. 296–303 (1996)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by H. Duminil-Copin
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Holden, N., Sun, X. SLE as a Mating of Trees in Euclidean Geometry. Commun. Math. Phys. 364, 171–201 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-018-3149-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-018-3149-1