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Characterisation of ship diesel primary particulate matter at the molecular level by means of ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled to laser desorption ionisation—comparison of feed fuel, filter extracts and direct particle measurements

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Abstract

In this study, positive-mode laser desorption-ionisation ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LDI-FT-ICR-MS) was applied to study combustion aerosol samples obtained from a ship diesel engine as well as the feed fuel, used to operate the engine. Furthermore, particulate matter was sampled from the exhaust tube using an impactor and analysed directly from the impaction foil without sample treatment. From the high percentage of shared sum formula as well as similarities in the chemical spread of aerosol and heavy fuel oil, results indicate that the primary aerosol mainly consists of survived, unburned species from the feed fuel. The effect of pyrosynthesis could be observed and was slightly more pronounced for the CH-class compared to other compound classes, but in summary not dominant. Alkylation pattern as well as the aromaticity distribution, using the double bond equivalent, revealed a shift towards lower alkylation state for the aerosol. The alkylation pattern of the most dominant series revealed a higher correlation between different aerosol samples than between aerosol and feed samples. This was confirmed by cluster analysis. Overall, this study shows that LDI-FT-ICR-MS can be successfully applied for the analysis of combustion aerosol at the molecular level and that sum formula information can be used to identify chemical differences between aerosol and fuel as well as between different size fractions of the particulate matter.

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Acknowledgments

Funding by the Helmholtz Foundation for the HICE virtual institute (www.hice-vi.eu) and the state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern scholarship programme, and funding by the European Social Funds (ESF) are gratefully acknowledged. Furthermore, we thank the DFG for funding the Bruker SolariX FT-ICR-MS. The authors thank Jürgen Orasche and the members of the engineering team for the opportunity and assistance by taking the particle samples. Special thanks to Hendryk Czech for fruitful discussions concerning data analysis and to Elize Smit and Juana Maria Parra Contreras for reviewing the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock, 18051, Rostock, Germany

    Christopher P. Rüger, Martin Sklorz, Theo Schwemer & Ralf Zimmermann

  2. Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany

    Martin Sklorz & Ralf Zimmermann

  3. HICE, Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and Health, Berlin, Germany

    Theo Schwemer & Ralf Zimmermann

Authors
  1. Christopher P. Rüger
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  2. Martin Sklorz
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  4. Ralf Zimmermann
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Correspondence to Martin Sklorz.

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Published in the topical collection Aerosols and Health with guest editor Ralf Zimmermann.

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Rüger, C.P., Sklorz, M., Schwemer, T. et al. Characterisation of ship diesel primary particulate matter at the molecular level by means of ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled to laser desorption ionisation—comparison of feed fuel, filter extracts and direct particle measurements. Anal Bioanal Chem 407, 5923–5937 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8408-1

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