Skip to main content
Log in

Bridging knowledge to commercialization: the good, the bad, and the challenging

  • Special Issue Paper
  • Published:
The Annals of Regional Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper investigates a new emerging phenomenon in the debate of knowledge-based economic growth called “bridging knowledge to commercialization”. The paper considers commercialization of knowledge as a complex and a multi-faceted phenomenon and aims to highlight “the good”, “the bad” and “the challenging” in commercialization of knowledge from a taxonomic perspective. The paper has four objectives: (1) to examine the emerging concepts in bridging knowledge to commercialization while addressing related issues in the literature and to offer a conceptual framework on the basis of a typology of metaphores for knowledge; (2) to highlight the societal benefits of commercialization of knowledge in a regional development context; (3) to underline the value conflicts and differences in culture and perspectives in the valuation of knowledge in order to better understand the commercialization process; and (4) to highlight the challenges for academia, industry and government while describing the critical framework conditions that are needed to effectively foster commercialization of knowledge. While addressing the academic, societal, spatial, cultural and ethical implications of knowledge commercialization, the paper highlights retrospects and prospects from regional development perspective.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adelman DE, DeAngelis KL (2006) Patent metrics: the mismeasure of innovation in the biotech patent debate. Texas Law Rev 85:1679–1741

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal A (2001) University-to-industry knowledge transfer: literature review and unanswered questions. Int J Manag Rev 3(4):285–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal A, Henderson R (2002) Putting patents in context: exploring knowledge transfer from MIT. Manag Sci 48:44–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andriessen D (2005) Value, valuation, and valorisation. In: Swarte S (ed) Inspirerend innoveren; meerwarde door kennis. Den Haag, Krie. Available at www.weightlesswealth.com

  • Andriessen D (2006) On the metaphorical nature of intellectual capital: a textual analysis. J Intellect Cap 7(1):93–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch DB, Aldridge TT (2009) Scientist commercialization as conduit of knowledge spillovers. Ann Reg Sci 43(4):897–905

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch D, Feldman MP (1996) R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production. Am Econ Rev 86:630–640

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldini N (2006) The entrepreneurial university: a debate. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1097325

  • Baldini N, Grimaldi R, Sobrero M (2007) To patent or not to patent? A survey of Italian inventors on motivations, incentives, and obstacles to university patenting. Scientometrics 70:333–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bathelt H, Malmberg A, Maskell P (2004) Clusters and knowledge: local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation. Progr Hum Geogr 28:31–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayton JA, Chapman RL (1972) Transformation of scientists and engineers into managers. Scientific and Technical Information Office, NASA, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Behrens TR, Gray DO (2001) Unintended consequences of co-operative research: impact of industry sponsorship on climate for academic freedom and other graduate student outcome. Res Policy 30:179–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bengtsson L, Nilsson AS, Rickne A (2009) Why and how do researchers engage themselves in commercialization of research? In: Paper presented at the International Conference on Organizational Learning, Knowledge and Capabilities (OLKC). 26–28 April 2009, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

  • Bercovitz J, Feldmann M (2008) Academic entrepreneurs: organizational change at the individual level. Organ Sci 19(1):69–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bird BJ (1988) Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case for intention. Acad Manag Rev 13:442–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird BJ, Allen DN (1989) Faculty entrepreneurship in research university environments. J High Educ 60(5):583–596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bird BJ, Hayward DJ, Allen DN (1993) Conflicts in the commercialization of knowledge: perspectives from science and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory Pract 17(4):57–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair D, Hitchens D (1998) Campus companies—UK and Ireland. Ashgate, Aldershot

    Google Scholar 

  • Bok D (2003) Universities in the market place: the commercialization of higher education. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • Boucher G, Conway C, Meer ELS (2003) Tiers of engagement by universities in their region’s development. Reg Stud 37(9):887–897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bramwell A, Wolfe D (2008) Universities and regional economic development: the entrepreneurial University of Waterloo. Res Policy 37:1175–1187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breznitz SM (2007) What is wrong with technology transfer model adaptation? http://ssrn.com

  • Buchbinder H (1993) The market-oriented university and the changing role of knowledge. High Educ 26:331–347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bush V (1945) Science: the endless frontier. A report to the President by Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. http://www.nsf.org/od/lpa/nsf50/vbush1945.htm

  • Charles D, Conway C (2001) High Educ Bus Interact Surv. Centre for Urban and Regional Development Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles D, Howells J (1992) Technology transfer in Europe: public and private networks. Belhaven Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen W (2000) Taking care of business. ASEE Prism Online, pp 1–5

  • Colyvas J, Crow M, Annetine G, Mazzoleni R, Nelson RR, Rosenberg N, Sampat BN (2002) How do university inventions get into practice. Manag Sci 48(1):61–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke P, Heidenreich M, Braczyk HJ (eds) (2004) Regional innovation systems: the role of governances in a globalized world. Routledge, London

  • Cooke P, Uranga M, Etxebarria G (1997) Regional innovation systems: Institutional and organisational dimensions. Research Policy 26:475–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davenport TH, Prusak L (2000) Working Knowledge. Harvard Business School Press, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Deem R (2001) Globalization, new managerialism, academic capitalism and entrepreneurialism in universities: is the local dimension still important? Comp Educ 37:7–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drazen JM (2002) Institutions, contracts and academic freedom. New Engl J Med 347:1362–1363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duch N, García-Estévez J (2011) Do universities affect firms’ location decisions? Evidence from Spain, Document de treball de l’IEB 2011/7, Institut d’Economia de Barcelona

  • Duch N, García-Estévez J, Parellada M (2011) Universities and regional economic growth in Spanish regions, Document de treball de l’IEB 2011/6, Institut d’Economia de Barcelona

  • Eisenberg RS (1996) Public research and private development: patents and technology transfer in government-sponsored research. Va Law Rev 82:1663–1727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etzkowitz H (2002) Bridging knowledge to commercialization: the American way. Science Policy Institute, State University of New York. http://www.fnir.nu/upload/Publications/Proceedings/OE02/ABSTRACT-ETZKOWITZ.pdf

  • Etzkowitz H (1990) The capitalization of knowledge: the decentralization of United States industrial and science policy from Washington to the States. Theory Soc 19(1):107–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etzkowitz H, Leydesdorff L (1996) Emergence of a triple-helix of university-industry-government relations. Sci Public Policy 23:279–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Etzkowitz H, Leydesdorff L (2000) The dynamics of innovation: from national systems and “mode 2” to a triple helix of university-industry-government relations. Res Policy 29:109–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etzkowitz H, Webster A, Gebhardt C, Cantisano BR (2000) The future of the university and the university of the future: evolution of ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm. Res Policy 29:313–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fabrizio KR (2006) Opening the dam or building channels: university patenting and the use of public science in industrial innovation. http://gbspapers.library.emory.edu/archive/00000255/01/GBS-OM-2006-001.pdf

  • Fisher WW (2001) Theories of intellectual property. In: New essays in the legal and political theory of property. Cambridge University Press, New York. http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/tfisher/iptheory.html

  • Frenken K, van Oort FG (2004) The geography of research collaboration: theoretical considerations and stylized facts in biotechnology in Europe and the United States. In: Cooke P, Piccaluga A (eds) Regional Economics as Knowledge Laboratories. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 38–57

  • Geiger RL (2006) The quest for ‘economic relevance’ by US research universities. High Educ Policy 19:411–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson LJ (1988) Economic development: the university and commercialization of research. Econ Dev Rev 6(2):7–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Göktepe-Hulten D, Mahagaonkar P (2010) Inventing and patenting activities of scientists: in the expectation of money or reputation? J Technol Transf 35:401–423

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldfarb B, Henrekson M (2003) Bottom-up versus top-down policies towards the commercialization of university intellectual property. Res Policy 32(4):639–658

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman M (1984) Building a mecca for high technology. Technol Rev 86:6–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein HA, Renault CS (2004) Contributions of universities to regional economic development: a quasi-experimental approach. Reg Stud 38(7):733–746

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gouldner A (1979) The future of intellectuals and the rise of the new class. Seabury Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Guena A, Nesta LJJ (2006) University patenting and its effects on academic research: the emerging European evidence. Res Policy 35:790–807

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gulbrandsen M (2005) But Peter’s in it for the money—the liminality of entrepreneurial scientists. VEST J Sci Technol Stud 18(1–2):49–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulbranson CA, Audretsch DB (2008) Proof of concept centers: accelerating the commercialization of university innovation. J Technol Transf 33:249–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen S, Brewster A, Asher J, Kisiewlewski M (2006) The effects of patenting in the AAAS scientific community. American Academy for Advancement of Science, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Heaton GR Jr, Hill CT, Windham P, Cheney DW (2011) The entrepreneurial university in a global context: a report to NEDO. Technology Policy International

  • Henderson R, Jaffe AB, Trajitenberg M (1998) Universities as a source of commercial technology: a detailed analysis of university patenting 1965–88. Rev Econ Stat 80:119–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henrekson M, Rosenberg N (2001) Designing efficient institutions for science-based entrepreneurship: lessons from the US and Sweden. J Technol Transf 26(2):207–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horstmann E, McCabe MS, Grochow L, Yamamoto S, Rubinstein L, Budd T et al (2005) Risks and benefits of phase 1 oncology trials, 1991 through 2002. N Engl J Med 352:895–904

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell J, McKinlay C (1999) Commercialization of university research in Europe. Report to the Advisory Council on Science and Technology, Ontario, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson CH (2006) Regional development partnership in Sweden: a way for higher education institutions to develop their role in the processes of regional governance? High Educ 51:387–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huggins R (2008) Universities and knowledge-based venturing: finance, management and networks in London. Entrepreneurship Reg Dev 20(2):185–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob M, Lundqvist M, Hellsmark H (2003) Entrepreneurial transformations in the Swedish university system: the case of Chalmers university of technology. Res Policy 32(9):1555–1568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen K, Murray F (2005) The intellectual property landscape of the human genome. Science 310(10):239–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johannessson C (2008) University strategies for knowledge transfer and commercialisation—an overview based on peer reviews at 24 Swedish universities 2006, VINNOVA Report VR 2008:17. VINNOVA-Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems

  • Johnston J, Wasunna A (2007) Patents, biomedical research and treatments: examining concerns, canvassing solutions, special report. Hastings Center Rep 37(1):1–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenney M (1987) The ethical dilemmas of university-industry collaborations. J Bus Ethics 6:127–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenney M, Patton D (2009) Reconsidering the Bayh-Dole Act and the current university invention ownership model. Res Policy 38:1407–1422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitagawa F, Wigren C (2010) From basic research to innovation: entrepreneurial intermediaries for research commercialization at Swedish ‘strong research environments’, Center for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy (CIRCLE), Paper No. 2010/02, Lund University, Sweden

  • Kobus J (1992) Universities and the creation of spin-off companies. Ind High Educ 6(3):136–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Kortum S, Lerner J (1999) What is behind the recent surge in patenting? Res Policy 28:1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar MN (2010) Ethical conflicts in commercialization of university research in the post-Bayh-Dole era. Ethics Behav 20(5):324–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazzaretti L, Tavoletti E (2005) Higher education excellence and local economic development: the case of the entrepreneurial University of Twente. Eur Plan Stud 13(3):475–493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebovitz RM (2007) The duty to disclose patent rights. Northwest J Technol Intellect Prop 6(1):36–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee YS (1996) Technology transfer and the research university: a search for the boundaries of university-industry collaboration. Res Policy 25:843–863

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JJ, Rhoads RA (2004) Faculty entrepreneurialism and the challenge to undergraduate education at research universities. Res High Educ 45:739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin SG, Stephan PE (1991) Research productivity over the life cycle: evidence for academic scientists. Am Econ Rev 81(4):114–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Leydesdorff L (2000) The triple helix: an evolutionary model of innovations. Res Policy 29:243–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Litan RE, Mitchell L, Reedy EJ (2007a) The university as innovator: bumps in the road. Issues Sci Technol XXIII:57–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Litan RE, Mitchell L, Reedy EJ (2007b) Commercializing university innovations: alternative approaches. Innov Policy Econ 8:31–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Louis KS, Blumenthal D, Gluck ME, Stoto MA (1989) Entrepreneurs in academe: an exploration of behaviors among life scientists. Adm Sci Q 34:110–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markman G, Gianiodis P, Phan P (2004) Entrepreneurship from the ivory tower: do incentive systems matter? J Technol Transf 29:353–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markman G, Gianiodis P, Phan P (2008) An agency theoretic study of the relationship between knowledge agents and university technology transfer offices. IEEE Trans Eng Manag 55:29–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzoleni R, Nelson R (2005) The roles of research at universities and public labs in economic catch-up. Laboratory of Economics and Management (LEM) Working Paper Series, Pisa

  • McManis CR, Noh S (2006) The impact of the Bayh-Dole on genetic research and development: evaluating the arguments and empirical evidence to date. http://law.wustl.edu/CLIEG/publications/mcmaniscommercializinginnovationpaper.pdf

  • McMullan WE, Melnyk R (1988) University innovation centers and academic venture formation. R&D Manag 18(1):5–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merton RK (1973) The normative structure of science. In: The sociology of science: theoretical and empirical investigations. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. (original work published 1942)

  • Meyer M (2003) Academic entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial academics? Research-based ventures and public support mechanisms. R&D Manag 33(2):107–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell L (2010) From lab to bench to market: house subcommittee holds hearing on improving commercialization. Testimony by Lesa Mitchell, June 10, 2010. (http://www.kauffmann.org)

  • Mowery DC, Nelson RR, Sampat BN, Ziedonis AA (2001) The growth of patenting and licensing by U.S. universities: an assessment of the effects of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980. Res Policy 30:99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mowery DC, Shane S (2002) Introduction to the special issue on university entrepreneurship and technology transfer. Manag Sci 48(1):V–IX

    Google Scholar 

  • Munson JM, Posner BZ (1979) The values of engineers and managing engineers. IEEE Trans Eng Manag 26(4):94–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray F, Stern S (2005) Do formal intellectual property rights hinder the free flow of scientific knowledge? An empirical test of the anti-commons hypothesis, Working Paper 11465. National Bureau of Economic Research

  • Murray F (2003) Innovation as co-evolution of scientific and technological networks: exploring tissue engineering. Res Policy 31:1389–1403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muscio A, Geuna A (2008) Governance of university knowledge transfer in Europe. In: Paper presented at the DRUID 25th Celebration Conference, 17–20 June 2008, Copenhagen, Denmark

  • Mustar P (1997) Spin-off enterprises. How French academics create high-tech companies: conditions for success or failure. Sci Public Policy 24(1):37–43

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council (2005) Reaping the benefits of genomic and proteomic research: intellectual property rights in innovation and public health. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC

  • Nelson RR (2004) The market economy and the scientific commons. Res Policy 33:455–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niller E (2001) ‘Biotech and health’: report fails to address the downside of academic-industry collaborations. Wall Street J (Eur) 17. http://online.wsj.com

  • Nonaka I, Takeuchi H (1995) The knowledge-creating company. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • NSF (2008) Science and engineering indicators. [Appendix table 5–1]. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind08/append/c5/at05-01.pdf

  • OECD (2003) Turning science into business: patenting and licensing at public research organizations. OECD Publications, Paris

  • Owen-Smith J, Powell W (2001) Careers and contradictions: faculty responses to the transformation of knowledge and its uses in the life sciences research. Sociol Work 10:109–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owen-Smith J, Powell W (2003) The expanding role of university patenting in the life sciences: assessing the importance of experience and connectivity. Res Policy 32:1695–1711

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palfreyman D (1989) The Warwick way: a case study of entrepreneurship within a university context. Entrepreneurship Reg Dev 1:207–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pattyn B (2006) The ethical implications of patenting academic research. Ethical Perspect 13:165–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierre de Maret P (2007) Universities of the world: what for? In: Sadlak J, Liu NC (eds) The world class university and ranking: aiming beyond status. UNESCO-CEPES/Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Bucharest, p 38

    Google Scholar 

  • Powers JB (2004) R&D funding sources and university technology transfer: what is stimulating universities to be more entrepreneurial? Res High Educ 45(1):1–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pressman L (ed) (2002) AUTM licensing survey: FY 2001. Association of University Technology Managers, Northbrook

  • Pressman L, Burgess R, Cook-Deegan RM, McCormack SJ, Nami-Wolk I, Soucy M (2006) The licensing of DNA patents by U.S. academic institutions: an empirical survey. Nat Biotechnol 24:31–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PriceWaterhouseCooper (2007) Staying in control while unlocking the knowledge (in cooperation with TechnoPartner)

  • Rai AK (2005) Open and collaborative research: a new model for biomedicine. In: Hahn RW (ed) Intellectual property rights in frontier industries. Brookings-AEI Press, Washington, DC, p 158

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen E, Moen Ø, Gulbrandsen M (2006) Initiatives to promote commercialization of university knowledge. Technovation 26(4):518–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbloom JL (2007) The geography of innovation commercialization in the United States during the 1990s. Econ Dev Q 21(1):3–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubins I (2007) Risks and rewards of academic capitalism and the effects of presidential leadership in the entrepreneurial university. Perspect Public Aff 4:3–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampat BN (2004) Genomic patenting by academic researchers: bad for science? http://mgt.gatech.edu/news_room/news/2004/reer/files/sampat.pdf

  • Sampat BN (2006) Patenting and U.S. academic research in the 20th century: the world before and after Bayh-Dole. Res Policy 35:722–789

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sampat BN, Mowery DC, Ziedonis AA (2003) Changes in university patent quality after the Bayh-Dole Act: a re-examination. Int J Ind Organ 21:1371–1390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samson KJ, Gurdon MA (1990) Entrepreneurial scientists: organizational performance in scientist-started high technology firms. In: Paper presented at the Babson Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Wellesly, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Schachman HK (2006) From publish or perish to patent and prosper. J Biol Chem 281:6889–6903

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shamoo A, Resnik D (2003) Responsible conduct of research. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Shane SA (2004) Academic entrepreneurship: university spinoffs and wealth creation. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel DS, Veugelers R, Wright M (2007) Technology transfer offices and commercialization of university intellectual property: performance and policy implications. Oxf Rev Econ Policy 23(4):640–660

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel DS, Waldman DA, Atwater L, Link AN (2004) Toward a model of the effective transfer of scientific knowledge from academicians to practitioners: qualitative evidence from the commercialization of university technologies. J Eng Technol Manag 21(1–2):115–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan P (2000) Value-driven intellectual capital. Wiley, New York

  • Slaughter S, Rhoades G (2004) Academic capitalism and the new economy: markets, states and higher education. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Smilor RW, Dietrich GB, Gibson DV (1993) The entrepreneurial university: the role of higher education in the United States in technology commercialization and economic development. Int Soc Sci J 135:1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern S (2004) Do scientists pay to be scientists? Manag Sci 50:835–853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stiglitz J (2006) Give prizes, not patents. New Sci 21. http://www.bcs.rochester.edu/people/eorhan/2006_New_Scientist.pdf

  • Tassey G (2001) R&D policy models and data needs. In: Feldman MP, Link AN (eds) Innovation policy in the knowledge-based economy. Kluwer, Boston, p 71

    Google Scholar 

  • Thursby JG, Thursby MC (2003) University licensing under Bayh-Dole: what are the issues and evidence? http://opensource.mit.edu/papers/Thursby.pdf

  • Thursby JG, Jensen R, Thursby M (2001) Objectives, characteristics and outcomes of university licensing: a survey of major U.S. universities. J Technol Transf 26:59–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thursby JG, Thursby MC (2002) Industry/university licensing: characteristics, concerns and issues from the perspective of the buyer. J Technol Transf 28:207–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thursby JG, Thursby MC (2005) Gender patterns of research and licensing activity of science and engineering faculty. J Technol Transf 30:343–353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tighe TJ (2003) Who’s in charge of America’s universities? A blueprint for reform. State University of New York Press, Albany

    Google Scholar 

  • Uranga MG, Kerexeta GE, Campàs-Velasco J (2007) The dynamics of commercialization of scientific knowledge in biotechnology and nanotechnology. Eur Plan Stud 15(9):1199–1214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Dierdonck R, Debackere K (1988) Academic entrepreneurship at Belgian universities. R&D Manag 18(4):341–353

    Google Scholar 

  • van Geenhuizen M (2010) Patterns of knowledge commercialization at universities: project level results in The Netherlands. In: Paper presented at ERSA Conference, 19–23 August 2010, Jonkoping, Sweden

  • van Looy B, Ranga M, Callaert J, Debackere K, Zimmerman E (2004) Combining entrepreneurial and scientific performance in academia: towards a compounded and reciprocal Matthew-effect? Res Policy 33:425–441

    Google Scholar 

  • van Looy B, Callaert J, Debackere K (2006) Publication and patent behavior of academic researchers: conflicting, reinforcing or merely co-existing? Res Policy 35:596–608

    Google Scholar 

  • van Overwalle G (2006) Reconciling patent policies with the university mission. Ethical Perspect 13:231–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Viale R, Etzkowitz H (eds) (2010) The capitalization of knowledge: a triple helix of university-industry-government. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham

  • Vogeli C, Yucel R, Bendavid E, Jones LM, Anderson MS, Louis KS et al (2006) Data withholding and the next generation of scientists: results of a national survey. Acad Med 81:128–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh JP, Cho C, Cohen WM (2005) View from the bench: patents and material transfers. Science 299:1021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warren A, Hanke R, Trotzer D (2008) Models for university technology transfer: resolving conflicts between mission and methods and the dependency on geographic location. Camb J Reg Econ Soc 1:219–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Washburn J (2005) Colleges and industry can work together. Chron High Educ 51. http://chronicle.com/article/CollegesIndustry-Can-Work/22022/

  • Waugh WL Jr (1998) Conflicting values and cultures: the managerial threat to university governance. Policy Stud Rev 15:61–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright M, Clarysse B, Mustar P, Lockett A (2007) Academic entrepreneurship in Europe. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright M, Vohora A, Lockett A (2002) Annual UNICO-NUBS survey on university commercialisation activities: financial year 2001. Nottingham University Business School, Nottingham

    Google Scholar 

  • Wubben EFM, Omta SWF, Van Lieshout R, Goorden JG (2005) Towards a classification of instruments for valorisation of academic& industrial knowledge. Stichting Kvie, The Hague

  • Ziman J (1996) Is science losing its objectivity? Nature 382:751–754

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tüzin Baycan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Baycan, T., Stough, R.R. Bridging knowledge to commercialization: the good, the bad, and the challenging. Ann Reg Sci 50, 367–405 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-012-0510-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-012-0510-8

JEL Classification

Navigation