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Monitoring Pb in Aqueous Samples by Using Low Density Solvent on Air-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Coupled with UV–Vis Spectrophotometry

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Abstract

In this study, AA-DLLME combined with UV–Vis spectrophotometry was developed for pre-concentration, microextraction and determination of lead in aqueous samples. Optimization of the independent variables was carried out according to chemometric methods in three steps. According to the screening and optimization study, 86 μL of 1-undecanol (extracting solvent), 12 times syringe pumps, pH 2.0, 0.00% of salt and 0.1% DDTP (chelating agent) were chosen as the optimum independent variables for microextraction and determination of lead. Under the optimized conditions, R = 0.9994, and linearity range was 0.01–100 µg mL−1. LOD and LOQ were 3.4 and 11.6 ng mL−1, respectively. The method was applied for analysis of real water samples, such as tap, mineral, river and waste water.

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Abbreviations

LLE:

Liquid–liquid extraction

SPE:

Solid phase extraction

SPME:

Solid-phase microextraction

LPME:

Liquid-phase microextraction

DLLME:

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

AA-LLME:

Air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction

SFODME:

Solidification of floating organic drop

DDTP:

O, O-diethyl dithiophosphoric acid

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

FFD:

Fractional factorial design

CCD:

Central composite design

LSD:

Least significant difference test

LOF:

Lack-of-fit

p:

Probability value

RSM:

Response surface method

IUPAC:

International union of pure and applied chemistry

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantitation

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

texp :

t-value experiments

Rexp :

Recovery experiments

CI:

Confidence interval

N:

Number of experiments

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, 33817-7489, Varamin, Iran

    Mina Ghasemi Nejad, Hakim Faraji & Ali Moghimi

Authors
  1. Mina Ghasemi Nejad
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  2. Hakim Faraji
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  3. Ali Moghimi
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Correspondence to Hakim Faraji.

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Nejad, M.G., Faraji, H. & Moghimi, A. Monitoring Pb in Aqueous Samples by Using Low Density Solvent on Air-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Coupled with UV–Vis Spectrophotometry. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 98, 546–555 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-016-2010-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-016-2010-5

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