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Stable isotope systematics and fluid inclusion studies in the Cu–Au Visconde deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil: implications for fluid source generation

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Abstract

The Cu–Au Visconde deposit is located in the Carajás Mineral Province (CMP), northern Brazil, near the contact between the ca. 2.76 Ga metavolcano-sedimentary rocks of the Itacaiunas Supergroup rocks and the ~3.0 Ga granitic-gneissic basement. It is hosted by mylonitized Archean rocks, mainly metadacites, the Serra Dourada granite, and gabbros/diorites, which have been successively altered by sodic, sodic-calcic-magnesian, potassic, and calcic-magnesian hydrothermal processes, producing diverse mineralogical associations (albite-scapolite; albite-actinolite-scapolite-epidote; K-feldspar-biotite; chlorite-actinolite-epidote-calcite, etc.). Chalcopyrite is the dominant ore mineral and occurs principally in breccias and veins/veinlets. The aqueous fluids responsible for the alteration/mineralization were initially hot (>460 °C) and very saline (up to 58 wt.% equivalent (equiv.) NaCl), but as the system evolved, they experienced successive dilution processes. Mineral oxygen and hydrogen isotope data show that 18O-rich (\( {\delta}^{18}{O}_{{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}}=+4.2 \) to +9.4 ‰) fluids prevailed in the earlier alteration (including magnetitites) and reached temperatures as high as 410–355 °C. Metamorphic/formation waters, most likely derived from the Carajás Basin rocks, appear to have contributed a major component to the fluid composition, although some magmatic input cannot be discounted. In turn, the later alterations and the mineralization involved cooler (<230 °C), 18O-depleted (\( {\delta}^{18}{O}_{{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}}=-1.3 \) to +3.7 ‰) and less saline (7–30 wt.% equiv. NaCl) fluids, indicating the influx of meteoric water. Fluid dilution and cooling might have caused abundant precipitation of sulfides, especially as breccia cement. Ore δ 34 S values (+0.5 to +3.4 ‰) suggest a magmatic source for sulfur (from sulfide dissolution in pre-existing igneous rocks). The chalcopyrite Pb–Pb ages (2.73 ± 0.15 and 2.74 ± 0.10 Ga) indicate that the Visconde mineralization is Neoarchean, rather than Paleoproterozoic as previously considered. If so, the hydrothermal processes were synchronous with the 2.75–2.73 Ga transpressive event recorded in the CMP, which is considered the most likely phenomenon that triggered the migration of highly saline fluids trapped in the Carajás Basin rocks.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks are extended to the National Council for Science and Technological Development (CNPq), which granted A.R.C.S. a scholarship during her graduate studies at the Federal University of Pará (UFPA). This research was funded by the Geosciences Institute of Amazon-Geociam (INCT program–CNPq/MCT/FAPESPA 573733/2008-2). We are grateful to the VALE Mining Company for permitting access to the Visconde deposit and assigning borehole samples and some internal information, particularly to geologist Benevides Aires for his assistance in the field. Dr. Claudio Lamarão (MEVUFPA), Dr. Alcides Sial (LABISE-UFPE), and the technical staff of both PARA-ISO and LABISE laboratories are thanked for their invaluable support during the sample analyses. Thanks are also due to two anonymous reviewers and to the Associate Editor David Craw for their constructive criticism and insightful suggestions, which greatly improved this paper.

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Correspondence to Antonia Railine da Costa Silva.

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Editorial handling: D. Craw and G. Beaudoin

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da Costa Silva, A.R., Villas, R.N.N., Lafon, JM. et al. Stable isotope systematics and fluid inclusion studies in the Cu–Au Visconde deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil: implications for fluid source generation. Miner Deposita 50, 547–569 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0558-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0558-8

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