Abstract
The Cu–Au Visconde deposit is located in the Carajás Mineral Province (CMP), northern Brazil, near the contact between the ca. 2.76 Ga metavolcano-sedimentary rocks of the Itacaiunas Supergroup rocks and the ~3.0 Ga granitic-gneissic basement. It is hosted by mylonitized Archean rocks, mainly metadacites, the Serra Dourada granite, and gabbros/diorites, which have been successively altered by sodic, sodic-calcic-magnesian, potassic, and calcic-magnesian hydrothermal processes, producing diverse mineralogical associations (albite-scapolite; albite-actinolite-scapolite-epidote; K-feldspar-biotite; chlorite-actinolite-epidote-calcite, etc.). Chalcopyrite is the dominant ore mineral and occurs principally in breccias and veins/veinlets. The aqueous fluids responsible for the alteration/mineralization were initially hot (>460 °C) and very saline (up to 58 wt.% equivalent (equiv.) NaCl), but as the system evolved, they experienced successive dilution processes. Mineral oxygen and hydrogen isotope data show that 18O-rich (\( {\delta}^{18}{O}_{{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}}=+4.2 \) to +9.4 ‰) fluids prevailed in the earlier alteration (including magnetitites) and reached temperatures as high as 410–355 °C. Metamorphic/formation waters, most likely derived from the Carajás Basin rocks, appear to have contributed a major component to the fluid composition, although some magmatic input cannot be discounted. In turn, the later alterations and the mineralization involved cooler (<230 °C), 18O-depleted (\( {\delta}^{18}{O}_{{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}}=-1.3 \) to +3.7 ‰) and less saline (7–30 wt.% equiv. NaCl) fluids, indicating the influx of meteoric water. Fluid dilution and cooling might have caused abundant precipitation of sulfides, especially as breccia cement. Ore δ 34 S values (+0.5 to +3.4 ‰) suggest a magmatic source for sulfur (from sulfide dissolution in pre-existing igneous rocks). The chalcopyrite Pb–Pb ages (2.73 ± 0.15 and 2.74 ± 0.10 Ga) indicate that the Visconde mineralization is Neoarchean, rather than Paleoproterozoic as previously considered. If so, the hydrothermal processes were synchronous with the 2.75–2.73 Ga transpressive event recorded in the CMP, which is considered the most likely phenomenon that triggered the migration of highly saline fluids trapped in the Carajás Basin rocks.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Augusto RA, Monteiro LVS, Xavier RP, Souza Filho CR (2008) Zonas de alteração hidrotermal e paragênese do minério de cobre do Alvo Bacaba, Província Mineral de Carajás (PA). Rev Brasil Geocienc 38:263–277
Avelar VG, Lafon JM, Correia FC Jr, Macambira EMB (1999) O Magmatismo arqueano da região de Tucumã-Província Mineral de Carajás: novos resultados geocronológicos. Rev Brasil Geocienc 29:454–460
Barreto CJS, Lafon JM, Rosa Costa LT, Dantas EL (2013) Paleoproterozoic granitoids from the northern limit of the Archean Amapá block (Brazil), Southeastern Guyana Shield: Pb–Pb evaporation in zircons and Sm–Nd geochronology. J South Am Earth Sci 45:97–116
Barros CEM, Barbey P, Boullier AM (2001) Role of magma pressure, tectonic stress and crystallization progress in the emplacement of syn-tectonic granites. The A-type Estrela Granite Complex (Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil). Tectonophysics 343:93–109
Bastrakov EN, Skirrow RG, Davidson GJ (2007) Fluid evolution and origins of iron oxide Cu–Au prospects in the Olympic Dam District, Gawler Craton, South Australia. Econ Geol 102:1415–1440
Bodnar RJ (1993) Revised equation and table for determining the freezing point depression of H2O–NaCl solutions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:683–684
Bodnar RJ, Sterner SM, Hall DL (1989) SALTY: a FORTRAN program to calculate compositions of fluid inclusions in the system NaCl–KCl–H2O. Comput Geosci 15:19–41
Borisenko NF (1977) Study of the salt composition of solutions in gas–liquid inclusions in minerals by the cryometric method. Sov Geol Geophys 18:11–19
Botelho NF, Moura MA, Teixeira LM, Olivo GR, Cunha LM, Santana UM (2005) Caracterização geológica e metalogenética do depósito de Cu ± (Au, W, Mo, Sn) Breves, Carajás. In: Marini OJ, Queiroz ET, Ramos BW (ed) Caracterização de depósitos minerais em distritos minerais da Amazônia. DNPM-FINEP-ADIMB, pp 335–390
Bottinga Y, Javoy M (1973) Comments on oxygen isotope geothermometry. Earth Planet Sci Lett 20:250–265
Carvalho ER (2009) Caracterização geológica e gênese das mineralizações de óxido de Fe−Cu−Au e metais associados na Província Mineral de Carajás: estudo de caso do depósito de Sossego. Ph.D. thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 151 p
Chiaradia M, Banks D, Cliff R, Maschik R, Haller A (2006) Origin of fluids in iron oxide–copper–gold deposits: constraints from δ37Cl, 87Sr/86Sri and Cl/Br. Miner Deposita 41:565–573
Clayton R, Mayeda TK (1963) The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 27:43–52
Companhia Vale do Rio Doce-VALE (2003) Programa Polo Sossego, Alvo Visconde, mapa geológico. Escala gráfica
Craveiro GS (2011) Geologia, fluidos hidrotermais e origem do depósito cupro-aurífero Visconde, Província Mineral de Carajás. MSc dissertation, Universidade Federal do Pará, 151 p
Craveiro GS, Villas RNN, Silva ARC (2012) Depósito Cu–Au Visconde, Carajás (PA): geologia e alteração hidrotermal das rochas encaixantes. Rev Brasil Geocienc 42:453–470
Dall’Agnol R, Teixeira NP, Rämö OT, Moura CAV, Macambira MJB, Oliveira DCO (2005) Petrogenesis of the Paleoproterozoic Rapakivi A-type granite of the Archean Carajás Metallogenetic Province, Brazil. Lithos 80:101–129
Dall’Agnol R, Oliveira MA, Almeida JAC, Althoff FJ, Leite AAS, Oliveira DC, Barros CEM (2006) Archean and paleoproterozoic granitoids of the Carajás Metallogenic Province, eastern Amazonian Craton. In: Symposium on Magmatism, Crustal Evolution, and Metallogenesis of the Amazonian Craton, Field trips guide, pp 99–150
Davis WD, Lowenstein TK, Spencer RJ (1990) Melting behavior of inclusions fluids in laboratory grown halite crystals in the systems NaCl–H2O, NaCl–KCl–H2O, NaCl–MgCl2–H2O and NaCl–CaCl2–H2O. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54:591–601
Dias GS, Macambira MJB, Dall’Agnol R, Soares ADV, Barros CEM (1996) Datação de zircões de sill de metagabbro: comprovação da idade arqueana da Formação Águas Claras, Carajás-Pará. In: V Simpósio de Geologia da Amazônia, Belém, Extended Abstracts, pp 376–379
Dilles JH, Solomon GC, Taylor HP Jr, Einaudi MT (1992) Oxygen and hydrogen isotope characteristics of hydrothermal alteration at the Ann-Mason porphyry copper deposit, Yerington, Nevada. Econ Geol 87:44–63
Docegeo - Rio Doce Geologia e Mineração S.A (1988) Revisão litoestratigráfica da Província Mineral de Carajás. In: Proceedings, Congr Bras Geol, Belém, 1:11–54
Dreher AM, Xavier RP, Taylor BE, Martini S (2008) New geologic, fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies on the controversial Igarapé Bahia Cu–Au deposit, Carajás Province, Brazil. Miner Deposita 43:162–184
Eldridge CS, Compston W, Williams IS, Harris JW, Bristow JW (1991) Isotope evidence for the involvement of recycled sediments in diamond formation. Nature 353:649–653
Feio GRL, Dall'Agnol R, Dantas EL, Macambira MJB, Gomes ACB, Sardinha AS, Oliveira DC, Santos RD, Santos PA (2012) Geochemistry, geochronology, and origin of the Neoarchean Planalto Granite suite, Carajás, Amazonian craton: a-type or hydrated charnockitic granites? Lithos 151:57–73
Feio GRL, Dall'Agnol R, Dantas EL, Macambira MJB, Santos JOS, Althoff FJ, Soares JEB (2013) Archean granitoid magmatism in the Canaã dos Carajás area: implications for crustal evolution of the Carajás province, Amazonian craton, Brazil. Precambrian Res 227:157–185
Galarza MA, Macambira MJB, Villas RN (2008) Dating and isotopic characteristics (Pb and S) of the Fe oxide–Cu–Au–U–REE Igarapé Bahia ore deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Pará state, Brazil. J South Am Earth Sci 25:377–397
Gibbs AK, Wirth KR, Hirata WK, Olszewski JWJ (1986) Age and composition of the Grão Pará Group volcanics, Serra dos Carajás. Rev Brasil Geocienc 16:201–211
Gomes ACB, Dall'Agnol R (2007) Nova associação tonalítica-trondhjemítica neoarqueana na região de Canaã dos Carajás: TTG com altos conteúdos de Ti, Zr e Y. Rev Brasil Geocienc 37:182–193
Graham CM, Sheppard SMF, Heaton THE (1980) Experimental hydrogen isotope studies: I. Systematics of hydrogen isotope fractionation in the systems epidote-H2O, zoisite-H2O and AlO(OH)-H2O. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 44:353–364
Graham CM, Harmon RS, Sheppard SMF (1984) Experimental hydrogen isotope studies: hydrogen isotope exchenge between amphibole and water. Am Mineral 69:128–138
Grainger CJ, Groves DI, Tallarico FHB, Fletcher IR (2008) Metalligenesis of the Carajás Mineral Province, Southern Amazon Craton, Brazil: varying styles of Archean through Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic base- and precious-metal mineralization. Ore Geol Rev 33:451–489
Groves DI, Bierlein FP, Meinert LD, Hitzman MW (2010) Iron oxide copper–gold (IOCG) deposits through Earth history: implications for origin, lithospheric setting, and distinction from other epigenetic iron oxide deposits. Econ Geol 105:641–654
Hitzman MW, Oreskes N, Einaudi MT (1992) Geological characteristics and tectonic setting of Proterozoic iron oxide (Cu–U–Au–REE) deposits. Precambrian Res 58:241–287
Huhn SRB, Macambira MJB, Dall’Agnol R (1999) Geologia e geocronologia Pb/Pb do granito alcalino Arqueano Planalto, Região da Serra do Rabo, Carajás-PA. In: VI Simpósio de Geologia da Amazônia, pp 463–466
Klötzli US (1997) Single zircon evaporation thermal ionisation mass spectrometry: method and procedures. Analyst 122:1239–1248
Knight CL, Bodnar RJ (1989) Synthetic fluid inclusions: IX. Critical PVTX properties of NaCl–H2O solutions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53:3–8
Kober B (1986) Whole-grain evaporation for 207Pb/206Pb-age investigations on single zircons using a double-filament thermal ion source. Contrib Mineral Petrol 93:482–490
Kober B (1987) Single grain evaporation combined with Pb emitter bedding 207Pb/206Pb investigations using thermal ion mass spectrometry and implications to zirconology. Contrib Mineral Petrol 96:63–71
Kyser TK, Kerrich R (1991) Retrograde exchange of hydrogen isotopes between hydrous minerals and water at low temperatures. Geochem Soc Spec Publ 3:409–422
Lafon JM, Macambira MJB, Pidgeon RT (2000) Zircon U–Pb SHRIMP dating of Neoarchean magmatism in the southwestern part of the Carajás Province (eastern Amazonian Craton, Brazil). In: Intern Geol Congr, Abstracts, CD-ROM
Lindenmayer ZG (1990) Salobo Sequence, Carajás, Brazil: geology, geochemistry and metamorphism. Ph.D. thesis, London, Canada, University of Western Ontario, 407 p
Lindenmayer ZG, Pimentel MM, Ronchi LH, Althoff FJ, Laux JH, Fleck A, Baecker CA, Carvalho DB, Nowatzki AC (2005) Geologia do depósito de Cu–Au de Gameleira, Serra dos Carajás, Pará. In: Marini OJ, Queiroz ET, Ramos BW (eds) DNPM/ADIMB—Caracterização de depósitos auríferos em distritos mineiros brasileiros, Brasília, pp 80–139
Ludwig K (2008) Isoplot 3.6: Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication 4, 77p
Macambira EMB, Tassinari CCG (1998) Estudos Sm/Nd no complexo máfico-ultramáfico da Serra da Onça-sul do Pará: implicações geocronológicas e geotectônicas. In: Proceedings, Congr Bras Geol, p 463
Macambira BEM, João XSJ, Souza EC (1996) Geolgical and petrochemical aspects of the Plaquê granite–Southern of the Pará Satate. In: Symposium on Archean terranes of the South American plataform, Extended Abstracts, pp 73–75
Machado N, Lindenmayer Z, Krogh TH, Lindenmayer ZG (1991) U–Pb geochronology of Archaean magmatism and basement reactivation in the Carajás area, Amazon shield, Brazil. Precambrian Res 49:329–354
Mathur R, Marschik R, Ruiz J, Munizaga F, Leveille RA, Martin W (2002) Age of mineralization of the Candelaria Fe oxide–Cu–Au deposit and the origin of the Chilean Iron Belt, based on Re–Os isotopes. Econ Geol 97:59–71
Matsuhisa Y, Goldsmith JR, Clayton RN (1979) Oxygen isotopic fractionation in the system quartz-albite-anorthite-water. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 43:1131–1140
Monteiro LVS, Xavier RP, Souza Filho CR, Augusto RA (2007) Aplicação de isótopos estáveis ao estudo dos padrões de distribuição das zonas de alteração hidrotermal associados ao sistema de óxido de ferro-cobre-ouro Sossego, Província Mineral de Carajás. In: Cong Bras Geoq, Abstracts, CD-ROM
Monteiro LVS, Xavier RP, Carvalho ER, Hitzman MW, Johnson AC, Souza Filho CR, Torresi I (2008) Spatial and temporal zoning of hydrothermal alteration and mineralization in the Sossego iron oxide–copper–gold deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil: paragenesis and stable isotope constraints. Miner Deposita 43:129–159
Moreto CPN, Monteiro LVS, Xavier RP, Amaral WS, Santos TJS, Juliani C, Souza Filho CR (2011) Mesoarchean (3.0 and 2.86 Ga) host rocks of the iron oxide–Cu–Au Bacaba deposit, Carajás Mineral Province: U–Pb geochronology and metallogenetic implications. Miner Deposita 46:789–811
Moreto CPN, Monteiro LVS, Creaser RA, DuFrane A, Xavier RP, Amaral WS, Silva MAD, Melo HC (2013) Metallogenetic evolution of the Archean and Paleoproterozoic iron oxide Cu–Au systems in the Southern Copper Belt, Carajás Province. In: 12th SGA Biennial Meeting, 2013, Uppsala. Proceedings of the 12th SGA Biennial Meeting
Neves MP, Villas RN, Toro MAG (2006) Datação e avaliação da fonte dos metais do depósito do Sossego, região de Carajás: evidências isotópicas de Pb e Sm-Nd. In: Proceedings, Cong Bras Geol, 43, CD-ROM
Nogueira ACR, Truckenbrodt W, Pinheiro RVL (1995) Formação Águas Claras, Pré-Cambriano da Serra dos Carajás: redescrição e redefinição litoestratigráfica: Boletim Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi 7:177–277
Ohmoto H, Goldhaber MB (1997) Sulfur and carbon isotopes. In: Barnes HL (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 517–611
Ohmoto H, Rye RO (1979) Isotopes of sulfur and carbon. In: Barnes HL (ed.). Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits; John Whiley & Sons; p 509–561
Oliveira MA, Dall’Agnol R, Althoff FJ, Leite AAS (2009) Mesoarchean sanukitoid rocks of the Rio Maria Granite-Greenstone Terrane, Amazonian craton, Brazil. J South Am Earth Sci 27:146–160
Pestilho ALS, Monteiro LVS (2008) Caracterização petrográfica das zonas de alteração hidrotermal e paragêneses do minério de cobre e ouro do Alvo Castanha, Província Mineral de Carajás; In: IV Simpósio de Vulcanismo e Ambientes Associados, Foz do Iguaçu, Proceedings, Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia [CD-ROM]
Pidgeon RT, Macambira MJB, Lafon JM (2000) Th–U–Pb isotopic systems and internal structures of complex zircons from an enderbite from the Pium Complex, Carajás Province, Brazil: evidence for the ages of granulites facies metamorphism and the protolith of the enderbite. Chem Geol 166:159–171
Pinheiro RVL, Holdsworth RE (2000) Evolução tectonoestratigráfica dos sistemas transcorrentes Carajás e Cinzento, Cinturão Itacaiúnas, na borda leste do Craton Amazônico, Pará. Rev Brasil Geocienc 30:597–606
Pollard PJ (2001) Sodic(−calcic) alteration associated with Fe-oxide–Cu–Au deposits: an origin via unmixing of magmatic-derived H2O–CO2–salt fluids. Miner Deposita 36:93–100
Requia K, Fontboté L (2001) The Salobo iron oxide copper-gold hydrothermal system, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil, GSA Annual Meeting, Boston, Abstracts with programs, v.33, pA-2
Requia K, Stein H, Fontboté L, Chiaradia M (2003) Re–Os and Pb–Pb geochronology of the Archean Salobo iron oxide copper–gold deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, northern Brazil. Miner Deposita 38:727–738
Ribeiro AA, Suita MTF, Sial AN, Fallick AE, Eli F, Goulard EA (2009) Geoquímica de isótopos estáveis (C, S e O) das rochas encaixantes e do minério de Cu (Au) do depósito Cristalino, Província Mineral de Carajás, Pará. Geochim Bras 23:159–176
Rodrigues EMS, Lafon JM, Scheller T (1992) Geocronologia Pb–Pb em rochas totais da Província Mineral de Carajás: primeiros resultados. In: Cong Bras Geol, 37, Abstracts, 2:183–184
Romero JAS, Lafon JM, Nogueira ACR, Soares JL (2013) Sr isotope geochemistry and Pb–Pb geochronology of the Neoproterozoic cap carbonates, Tangará da Serra, Brazil. Int Geol Rev 55:185–203
Rye RO, Ohmoto O (1974) Sulfur and carbon isotopes and ore genesis: A Review, Economic Geology, 69: 826–842
Santos PA, Feio GRL, Dall’Agnol R, Costi HT, Lamarão CN, Galarza MA (2013a) Petrography, magnetic susceptibility and geochemistry of the Rio Branco Granite, Carajás Province, southeast of Pará, Brazil. Braz J Geol 43:2–15
Santos RD, Galarza MAT, Oliveira DC (2013b) Geologia, geoquímica e geocronologia do Diopsídio-Norito Pium, Província Carajás. Bol. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Cienc. Nat., Belém, 8: 331–337
Sardinha AS, Dall’Agnol R, Gomes ACB, Macambira MJB, Galarza MA (2004) Geocronologia Pb–Pb e U–Pb em zircão de granitóides arqueanos da região de Canaã dos Carajás, Província Mineral de Carajás. In: Cong Bras Geologia, 42, Abstracts, CD-ROM
Sardinha AS, Barros CEM, Krymski R (2006) Geology, geochemistry, and U–Pb geochronology of the Archean (2.74 Ga) Serra do Rabo granite stocks, Carajás Metallogenetic Province, Northern Brazil. J South Am Earth Sci 20:327–339
Sheppard SMF (1986) Characterization and isotopic variations in natural waters. In: Valley JW, Taylor HP Jr, O’Neil JR (eds) Stable isotopes in high temperature geological processes. Mineral Soc Am Rev Mineral 16:165–183
Silva CMG, Villas RN (1998) The Águas Claras Cu-sulfide ± Au deposit, Carajás Region, Pará, Brazil: geological setting, wall-rock alteration and mineralizing fluids. Rev Brasil Geocienc 28(3):315–326
Soares ADV, Macambira MJB, Santos MGS, Vieira EAP, Massoti FS, Souza CIJ, Padilha JL, Magni MCV (2001) Depósito Cu (Au) Cristalino, Serra dos Carajás, PA: Idade da mineralização com base em análises Pb–Pb em sulfetos (dados preliminares). In: VII Simpósio de Geologia da Amazônia, Abstract, CD-ROM
Souza SRB, Macambira MJB, Scheller J (1996) Novos dados geocronológicos para os granitos deformados do Rio Itacaiunas (Serra dos Carajás, PA): implicações Estratigráfica. In: Simpósio de Geologia da Amazônia, 5, Extended Abstracts, Belém, p 380–383
Sterner SM, Hall DL, Bodnar RJ (1988) Synthetic fluid inclusions. V. Solubility relations in the system NaCl–KCl–H2O under vapor-saturated conditions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 52:989–1005
Suzuoki T, Epstein S (1976) Hydrogen isotope fractionation between OH-bearing minerals and water. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 40:1229–1240
Tallarico FHB (2003) O Cinturão Cupro-Aurífero de Carajás, Brasil. Ph.D. thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 229p
Tallarico FHB, McNaughton NJ, Groves DI, Fletcher IR, Figueredo BR, Carvalho JB, Rego JL, Nunes AR (2004) Geological and SHRIMP II U–Pb constraints on the age and origin of the Breves Cu–Au–(W–Bi–Sn) deposit, Carajás, Brazil. Miner Deposita 39:68–86
Tallarico FHB, Figueiredo BR, Groves DI, Kositcin N, Mcnaughton NJ, Fletcher IR, Rego JL (2005) Geology and SHRIMP U–Pb geochronology of the Igarapè Bahia deposit, Carajás copper–gold belt, brazil: an Archean (2.57 Ga) example of iron–oxide Cu–Au–(U–REE) mineralization. Econ Geol 100:7–28
Taylor BE (1992) Degassing of H2O from rhyolite magma during eruption and shallow intrusion, and the isotopic composition of magmatic water in hydrothermal system. Geol Surv Jpn Rep 279:190–195
Taylor HP Jr (1974) The application of oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies to problems of hydrothermal, alteration and ore deposition, Economic Geology, 69: 843–883
Taylor HP Jr (1997) Oxygen and hydrogen isotope relationships in hydrothermal mineral deposits. In: Barnes HL (ed) Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits. Wiley, New York, pp 229–302
Tazava E, Oliveira CG (2000) The Igarapé Bahia Au–Cu–(REE–U) deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Northern Brazil. In: Porter TM (ed) Hydrothermal iron-oxide copper–gold and related deposits: a global perspective, vol 1. PGC Publishing, Adelaide, pp 203–212
Torresi I, Xavier RP, Bortholoto DFA, Monteiro LVS (2012) Hydrothermal alteration, fluid inclusions and stable isotope systematics of the Alvo 118 iron oxide–copper–gold deposit, Carajás Mineral Province (Brazil): implications for ore genesis. Miner Deposita 47:299–323
Trendall AF, Basei MAS, Laeter JR, Nelson DR (1998) SHRIMP zircon U–Pb constraints on the age of the Carajás formation, GrãoPará Group, Amazon Craton. J South Am Earth Sci 11:265–277
Villas RN, Santos MD (2001) The gold deposits of the Carajás mineral province: deposit types and metallogenesis. Miner Deposita 36:300–331
Villas RN, Galarza MA, Almada MC, Viana AS, Ronzê P (2001) Geologia do depósito Igarapé Bahia/Alemão, Província Carajás, Pará. In: Jost H, Brod JA, Queiróz ET (eds) Caracterização de Depósitos Auríferos em Distritos Mineiros Brasileiros, DNPM-ADIMB, pp 215–240
Villas RN, Neves M, Sousa F, Lima L, Lamarão C, Xavier R, Fanton J, Morais R (2004) Rochas hospedeiras e alteração hidrotermal do depósito Sossego, Província Mineral de Carajás (PMC). In: Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, 42, CD-ROM
Villas RN, Lima LFO, Neves MP, Lamarão CN, Fanton J, Morais R (2005) Relações entre deformação, alteração hidrotermal e mineralização no Depósito Cu–Au do Sossego, Província Mineral de Carajás. In: Simpósio Brasileiro de Metalogenia, Abstracts, CD-ROM
Villas RN, Neves MP, Rosa AGN (2006) The Fe oxide-Cu-Au Sossego deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brasil: dating of the mineralization and fluid characteristics. In: Dall'Agnol R, Rosa-Costa LT, Klein EL (eds.) Symposium on magmatism, crustal evolution, and metallogenesis of the Amazonian Craton. Abstracts Volume. Belém, PRONEX-UFPA-SBG, p 33
Wenner DB, Taylor HP Jr (1971) Temperatures of serpentinization of ultramafic rocks based on 18O/16O fractionation between coexisting serpentine and magnetite. Contrib Mineral Petrol 32:165–168
Williams PJ, Barton MD, Johnson DA, Fontboté L, Haller A, Mark G, Oliver NHS, Marschik R (2005) Iron oxide copper–gold deposits: geology, space-time distribution, and possible modes of origin. Economic Geology 100TH Anniversary Volume, pp 371–405
Xavier RP, Wiedenbeck M, Trumbell RB, Dreher AM, Monteiro LVS, Rhede D, Araújo CEG, Torresi I (2008) Tourmaline B-isotopes fingerprint marine evaporites as the source of high-salinity ore fluids in iron-oxide-copper-gold deposits, Carajás Mineral Province (Brazil). Geology 36:743–746
Xavier RP, Monteiro LVS, Souza Filho CR, Torresi I, Carvalho ER, Dreher AM, Wiedenbeck M, Trumbull RB, Pestilho ALS, Moreto CPN (2010) The iron oxide copper-gold deposits of the Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil: an updated and critical review. In: Porter TM (ed) Hydrothermal iron oxide copper–gold & related deposits: a global perspective, v.3, advances in the understanding of IOCG deposits, PGC Publishing, Adelaide, in press
Xavier RP, Monteiro LVS, Moreto CPN, Pestilho ALS, Melo GHC, da Silva MAD, Aires B, Ribeiro C, Freitas e Silva FH (2012) The iron oxide copper-gold systems of the Carajás Mineral Province. In: Hedenquist J, Harris M, Camus F (eds) SEG special publication 16, geology and genesis of major copper deposits and districts of the world: a tribute to Richard H. Sillitoe, vol 1, 1st edn. Society of Economic Geologists, Inc, Littleton, pp 433–454
Zheng YF (1991) Calculation of oxygen isotope fractionation in metal oxides. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 55:299–2307
Zheng YF (1993) Calculation of oxygen isotope fractionation in hydroxyl-bearing silicates. Earth Planet Sci Lett 121:247–263
Acknowledgments
Thanks are extended to the National Council for Science and Technological Development (CNPq), which granted A.R.C.S. a scholarship during her graduate studies at the Federal University of Pará (UFPA). This research was funded by the Geosciences Institute of Amazon-Geociam (INCT program–CNPq/MCT/FAPESPA 573733/2008-2). We are grateful to the VALE Mining Company for permitting access to the Visconde deposit and assigning borehole samples and some internal information, particularly to geologist Benevides Aires for his assistance in the field. Dr. Claudio Lamarão (MEVUFPA), Dr. Alcides Sial (LABISE-UFPE), and the technical staff of both PARA-ISO and LABISE laboratories are thanked for their invaluable support during the sample analyses. Thanks are also due to two anonymous reviewers and to the Associate Editor David Craw for their constructive criticism and insightful suggestions, which greatly improved this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editorial handling: D. Craw and G. Beaudoin
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
da Costa Silva, A.R., Villas, R.N.N., Lafon, JM. et al. Stable isotope systematics and fluid inclusion studies in the Cu–Au Visconde deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil: implications for fluid source generation. Miner Deposita 50, 547–569 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0558-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0558-8