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Genesis of the Au–Bi–Cu–As, Cu–Mo ± W, and base–metal Au–Ag mineralization at the Mountain Freegold (Yukon, Canada): constraints from Ar–Ar and Re–Os geochronology and Pb and stable isotope compositions

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Abstract

The genesis of mineralized systems across the Mountain Freegold area, in the Dawson Range Cu–Au ± Mo Belt of the Tintina Au province was constrained using Pb and stable isotope compositions and Ar–Ar and Re–Os geochronology. Pb isotope compositions of sulfides span a wide compositional range (206Pb/204Pb, 18.669–19.861; 208Pb/204Pb, 38.400–39.238) that overlaps the compositions of the spatially associated igneous rocks, thus indicating a magmatic origin for Pb and probably the other metals. Sulfur isotopic compositions of sulfide minerals are broadly similar and their δ34S (Vienna-Canyon Diablo Troilite (V-CDT)) values range from −1.4 to 3.6 ‰ consistent with the magmatic range, with the exception of stibnite from a Au–Sb–quartz vein, which has δ34S values between −8.1 and −3.1 ‰. The δ34S values of sulfates coexisting with sulfide are between 11.2 and 14.2 ‰; whereas, those from the weathering zone range from 3.7 to 4.3 ‰, indicating supergene sulfates derived from oxidation of hypogene sulfides. The δ13C (Vienna Peedee Belemnite (VPDB)) values of carbonate range from −4.9 to 1.1 ‰ and are higher than magmatic values. The δ18O (V-SMOW) values of magmatic quartz phenocrysts and magmatic least-altered rocks vary between 6.2 and 10.1 ‰ and between 5.0 and 10.1 ‰, respectively, whereas altered magmatic rocks and hydrothermal minerals (quartz and magnetite) are relatively 18O-depleted (4.2 to 7.9 ‰ and −6.3 to 1.5 ‰, respectively). Hydrogen isotope compositions of both least-altered and altered igneous rock samples are D-depleted (from −133 to −161 ‰ Vienna-Standard Mean Ocean Water (V-SMOW)), consistent with differential magma degassing and/or post-crystallization exchange between the rocks and meteoric ground water. Zircon from a chlorite-altered dike has a U–Pb crystallization age of 108.7 ± 0.4 Ma; whereas, the same sample yielded a whole-rock Ar–Ar plateau age of 76.25 ± 0.53 Ma. Likewise, molybdenite Re–Os model ages range from 75.8 to 78.2 Ma, indicating the mineralizing events are genetically related to Late Cretaceous volcano-plutonic intrusions in the area. The molybdenite Re–Os ages difference between the nearby Nucleus (75.9 ± 0.3 to 76.2 ± 0.3 Ma) and Revenue (77.9 ± 0.3 to 78.2 ± 0.3 Ma) mineral occurrences suggests an episodic mineralized system with two pulses of hydrothermal fluids separated by at least 2 Ma. This, in combination with geological features suggest the Nucleus deposit represents the apical and younger portion of the Revenue–Nucleus magmatic-hydrothermal system and may suggest an evolution from the porphyry to the epithermal environments.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Yukon Geological Survey (YGS) for the funding allocated to this study. They also acknowledge NFR, owner of many of the Freegold Mountain properties for allowing access to the properties and for substantial logistic support. Additional funding was from a NSERC Discovery grant to DL. Michèle Senn (Department of Mineralogy, University of Geneva) is thanked for technical help in the preparation of samples for Pb isotope analyses. We are also grateful to the two anonymous reviewers, as well as Editor Georges Beaudoin for their comments and suggestions, which notably improved this manuscript.

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  1. Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Brunswick, 2 Bailey Drive Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B5A3, Canada

    Thierry Bineli Betsi & David Lentz

  2. Département de Minéralogie, Université de Genève, Rues des Maraîchers 13, Geneva 4, Switzerland

    Massimo Chiaradia

  3. Department of Geological Sciences, Queens University, Miller Hall, Queen’s Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada

    Kurt Kyser

  4. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, T6G2E3, Canada

    Robert A. Creaser

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  1. Thierry Bineli Betsi
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Correspondence to Thierry Bineli Betsi.

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Appendices

Appendix 1

Table 11 Location and description of investigated samples
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Appendix 2

Table 12 XRF Pb, U, and Th contents (in parts per million) used to recalculated initial Pb isotopic ratios
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Bineli Betsi, T., Lentz, D., Chiaradia, M. et al. Genesis of the Au–Bi–Cu–As, Cu–Mo ± W, and base–metal Au–Ag mineralization at the Mountain Freegold (Yukon, Canada): constraints from Ar–Ar and Re–Os geochronology and Pb and stable isotope compositions. Miner Deposita 48, 991–1017 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-013-0465-4

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