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Wann ist bei eingetretener Metastasierung des Nierenkarzinoms die operative Entfernung des Primärtumors angezeigt und gibt es eine wissenschaftliche Grundlage dafür?

Should cytoreductive nephrectomy be performed in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and what is the scientific rationale?

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Zusammenfassung

Bei etwa 15–20 % der Patienten mit Nierenzellkarzinom liegen bei Erstdiagnose bereits Metastasen vor. In der Zytokin-Ära etablierte sich als Therapiekonzept die zytoreduktive Nephrektomie („cytoreductive nephrectomy“, CN) gefolgt von einer Therapie mit Interferon-α. Dieses Vorgehen basierte auf zwei prospektiven randomisierten Studien und deren kombinierter Metaanalyse. Ab 2005 wurden dann durch die Etablierung neuer Targeted-Therapien die Rolle und der Stellenwert der CN zunehmend kritisch diskutiert. Zwei Studien (CARMENA und SURTIME) scheinen zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt keinen entscheidenden Wissensvorsprung leisten zu können. Somit verbleibt als Diskussionsgrundlage eine Reihe an retrospektiven Datenerhebungen mit teilweise sehr hohen Patientenzahlen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Analysen deuten insgesamt auf einen Zugewinn an Lebenszeit durch die CN hin. Nach prognostischen Faktoren adjustiert zeigt sich die CN als unabhängiger Prädiktor für ein längeres Gesamtüberleben. Je länger die Lebenserwartung, desto klinisch relevanter wird dieser positive Effekt der CN auf den Lebenszeitzugewinn mit einer 3fach höheren Überlebensrate nach 3 Jahren. Lediglich Patienten mit einem schlechten Performancestatus, geringer Lebenserwartung, Hirnmetastasen und hohem Alter scheinen nicht von einer CN zu profitieren. Zudem stellen die Symptomkontrolle von teils großen Primärtumoren ohne gutes Ansprechen auf systemische Therapien und die Tatsache, dass alle Langzeitremissionen und lange Überlebensraten mit der CN assoziiert sind, weitere theoretische Argumente pro CN dar. Somit verbleibt die Empfehlung aller großen Fachgesellschaften, bei Patienten mit gutem Performancestatus eine CN durchzuführen.

Abstract

Between 15 and 20% of patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma suffer from metastatic disease by the time of diagnosis. In the immunotherapy era, the standard treatment was to perform cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) followed by treatment with interferon α. This was based on two prospective randomized trials and their combined analysis. Since the introduction of targeted therapy, the use of CN came into question and the number of performed CN has declined. Two trials (CARMENA and SURTIME) evaluating the role of CN in the times of targeted therapy have either closed early or are recruiting slowly and will probably not be able to answer this question. Thus, we need to focus on retrospective data consisting of several analyses with large numbers of patients. These analyses all seem to show a benefit in overall survival, and adjusted for prognostic factors CN represents an independent predictor of longer survival. A correlation between expected life span and efficacy of CN has been shown with a survival rate that is three times higher after 3 years. Only patients with low performance status, low life expectancy, cerebral metastases, and old age did not benefit from CN. Furthermore, symptom control of large primary tumors without response to systemic therapy and the fact that all reports of long-term remission or long survival rates are associated with the use of CN are theoretical aspects speaking in favor of this treatment. This leads to the recommendation to perform CN in all patients with good performance status in all important guidelines.

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Correspondence to M. W. Kramer.

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N. Gilbert, A.S. Merseburger und M.W. Kramer geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Gilbert, N., Merseburger, A.S. & Kramer, M.W. Wann ist bei eingetretener Metastasierung des Nierenkarzinoms die operative Entfernung des Primärtumors angezeigt und gibt es eine wissenschaftliche Grundlage dafür?. Urologe 56, 604–609 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-017-0364-x

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