Zusammenfassung
Einleitung
Die Tuberculum-majus-Fraktur (TMF) findet in der Literatur bisher wenig Beachtung. Verschiedene Entstehungsmechanismen werden beschrieben. Wenige Autoren berichten, dass die TMF mit einer hohen Rate an häufig unerkannten Begleitverletzungen einhergeht.
Fragestellung
Ziel war, bei der TMF die Häufigkeit von Luxationen zu dokumentieren, Begleitverletzungen zu diagnostizieren und anhand dieser auf den Verletzungsmechanismus zurückzuschließen.
Patienten und Methoden
Von 2007 bis 2015 wurden bei 46 Patienten mit TMF <65 Jahre der Nachweis einer Schulterluxation, das Frakturausmaß (Dislokation, Fragmente, Größe), Begleitverletzungen sowie die Therapie der TMF und der Begleitverletzungen dokumentiert. Letztere wurden mittels Computertomographie, Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) und Arthroskopie (ASK) detektiert und in primär operationspflichtig und nicht bzw. sekundär operationspflichtig unterteilt.
Ergebnisse
Bei Patienten mit einer 1‑fragmentären TMF konnte in 46,2 % eine Luxation nachgewiesen werden. Bei einer 2‑fragmentären TMF hatten 66,7 %, bei ≥3 Fragmenten alle eine Schulterluxation. Bei 90,7 % lassen sich luxationstypische Begleitverletzungen finden, die zu 52,6 % primär operationspflichtig sind. Mit und ohne Luxation findet sich annähernd dieselbe Prävalenz an Begleitverletzungen (92,6 %; 87,5 %). Mit Luxation wurden 70,8 %, ohne Luxation 35,7 % der Begleitverletzungen als primär operationspflichtig eingestuft.
Diskussion
Die TMF scheint häufig auf einen anterioren Schulterluxationsmechanismus zurückzuführen zu sein. Bei mehrfragmentärer TMF bzw. Luxation sind primär operationspflichtige Begleitverletzungen häufig, ohne nachgewiesene Luxation sind sie weniger häufig. Gezielt sollte nach Begleitverletzungen gesucht werden. Eine ASK kann zu deren Diagnostik und Therapie erfolgen. Bei einer konservativ zu therapierenden TMF sollte eine MRT erfolgen.
Abstract
Background
To date, little attention has been given to greater tuberosity fractures (GTFs) in the literature. Several mechanisms of injury are described, but few authors report that a GTF is accompanied by a high rate of often unrecognized associated injuries.
Objectives
The aim was to document the incidence of dislocation, to diagnose associated injuries and, based on these, these draw conclusions about the mechanism of injury concerning GTF.
Patients and methods
From 2007–2015 the detection of a shoulder dislocation, the fracture extent (displacement, fragments, size), associated injuries, and the surgical treatment of GTF and associated injuries were documented in 46 patients with GTF who were less than 65 years of age. After detection of associated injuries by computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or arthroscopy it was decided if surgery was necessary or not.
Results
Shoulder dislocation was found in 46.2 % of patients with a 1-fragmentary GTF. Shoulder dislocation was found in 66.7 % of patients with a 2-fragmentary GTF and 100 % of patients with ≥3 fragments.. Typical injuries associated with dislocation were found in 90.7 %. In 52.6 % of these surgery was necessary. With or without dislocation, approximately the same prevalence of associated injuries was present (92.6 %; 87.5 %). With dislocation surgery for the associated injuries was necessary in 70.8 %; without dislocation surgery was necessary in 35.7 %.
Discussion
The reason for a GTF seems to be an anterior shoulder dislocation or partial dislocation. In multifragmentary GTF or GTF with dislocation surgery is necessary frequently; without dislocation surgery is necessary less frequently. Associated injuries should be searched for selectively. An arthroscopy could be performed for diagnosis and therapy. In a GTF that can be treated conservatively, an MRI should be performed.
Literatur
Bahrs C, Lingenfelder E, Fischer F, Walters EM, Schnabel M (2006) Mechanism of injury and morphology of the greater tuberosity fracture. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 15:140–147
Bahrs C, Rolauffs B, Stuby F, Dietz K, Weise K, Helwig P (2010) Effect of proximal humeral fractures on the age-specific prevalence of rotator cuff tears. J Trauma 69:901–906
Carrera EF, Matsumoto MH, Netto NA, Faloppa F (2004) Fixation of greater tuberosity fractures. Arthroscopy 20:109–111
Cottias P, le Bellec Y, Jeanrot C, Imbert P, Huten D, Masmejean EH (2000) Fractured coracoid with anterior shoulder dislocation and greater tuberosity fracture – report of a bilateral case. Acta Orthop Scand 71:95–97
Court-Brown CM, Garg A, McQueen MM (2001) The epidemiology of proximal humeral fractures. Acta Orthop Scand 72:365–371
Fahmy A, Antonakopoulos N, Khan A (2011) Acromial impression fracture of the greater tuberosity with massive rotator cuff tear: this need not be a nightmare! BMJ Case Rep. doi:10.1136/bcr.11.2010.3521
Flatow EL, Cuomo F, Maday MG, Miller SR, McIlveen SJ, Bigliani LU (1991) Open reduction and internal fixation of two-part displaced fractures of the greater tuberosity of the proximal part of the humerus. J Bone Joint Surg Am 73:648–650
Gartsman GM, Taverna E, Hammerman SM (1999) Arthroscopic treatment of acute traumatic anterior glenohumeral dislocation and greater tuberosity fracture. Arthroscopy 15:648–650
Gallo RA, Sciulli R, Daffner RH, Altman DT, Altman GT (2007) Defining the relationship between rotator cuff injury and proximal humerus fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 458:70–77
Goodier D, Maffulli N, Good CJ (1994) Coracoid process and greater tuberosity fracture in unreduced shoulder dislocation. Injury 25:113–116
Habermeyer P, Jung D, Ebert T (1998) Behandlungsstrategien bei der traumatischen vorderen Erstluxation der Schulter. Unfallchirurg 101:328–341
Hill HS, Sachs MD (1940) The grooved defect of the humeral head. A frequently recognized complication of dislocation of the shoulder joint. Radiology 35:690–700
Hovelius L (1978) Shoulder dislocation in Swedish ice hockey players. Am J Sports Med 6:373–377
Hovelius L (1987) Anterior dislocation of the shoulder in teenagers and young adults. Five-year prognosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 69:393–399
Hovelius L (1999) The natural history of primary anterior dislocation of the shoulder in the young. J Orthop Sci 4:307–317
Jakob RP, Kristiansen T, Mayo K, Ganz R, Muller ME (1988) Classification and aspects of treatment of fractures of the proximal humerus. In: Bateman JE, Welsh RP (Hrsg) Surgery of the shoulder. Mosby, Philadelphia, S 330–343
Ji JH, Kim WY, Ra KH (2007) Arthroscopic double-row suture anchor fixation of minimally displaced greater tuberosity fractures. Arthroscopy 23:1131–1134
Kendall CB, Tanner SL, Tolan SJ (2007) SLAP tear associated with a minimally displaced proximal humerus fracture. Arthroscopy 23:1361–1363
Kim KC, Rhee KJ, Shin HD, Kim YM (2007) Arthroscopic fixation for displaced greater tuberosity fracture using the suture-bridge technique. Arthroscopy 24:121–123
Lind T, Kroner K, Jensen J (1989) The epidemiology of fractures of the proximal humerus. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 108:285–287
Maman E, Dolkart O, Chechik O, Amar E, Rak O, Rath E, Mozes G (2014) Arthroscopic findings of coexisting lesions with greater tuberosity fractures. Orthopedics 37:272–277
Mason BJ, Kier R, Bindleglass DF (1999) Occult fractures of the greater tuberosity of the humerus: radiographic and MR imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172:469–473
Mattyasovszky SG, Burkhart KJ, Ahlers C, Proschek D, Dietz SO, Becker I, Müller-Haberstock S, Müller LP, Rommens PM (2011) Isolated fractures of the greater tuberosity of the proximal humerus. A long-term retrospective study of 30 patients. Acta Orthop 82:714–720
Mc Laughlin HL, Mc Lellan DI (1967) Recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder II. A comparative study. J Trauma 7:191–201
Ogawa K, Yoshida A, Ikegami H (2003) Isolated fractures of the greater tuberosity of the humerus: solutions to recognizing a frequently overlooked fracture. J Trauma 54:713–717
Park TS, Choi IY, Kim YH, Park MR, Shon JH, Kim SI (1997) A new suggestion for the treatment of minimal displaced fractures of the greater tuberosity of the proximal humerus. Bull Hosp Jt Dis 56:171–176
Patten RM, Mack LA, Wang KY, Lingel J (1992) Nondisplaced fractures of the greater tuberosity of the humerus: sonographic detection. Radiology 182:201–204
Renius WR, Hatem SF (1998) Fractures of the greater tuberosity presenting as rotator cuff abnormality: magnetic resonance demonstration. J Trauma 44:670–675
Runkel M, Kreitner KF, Wenda K, Rudig L, Degreif J, Grebe P (1993) Kernspintomographie bei Schulterluxation. Unfallchirurg 96:124–127
Schai PA, Hintermann B, Koris MJ (1999) Preoperative arthroscopic assessment of fractures about the shoulder. Arthroscopy 15:827–835
Simonet WT, Cofield RH (1984) Prognosis in anterior shoulder dislocation. Am J Sports Med 12:19–24
Stubbs SN, Hunter RE (2004) Complete, superior labral radial tear and type II slap tear associated with greater tuberosity fracture. Arthroscopy 20:70–72
Taverna E, Sansone V, Battistella F (2004) Arthroscopic treatment for greater tuberosity fractures: rationale and surgical technique. Arthroscopy 20:53–57
Weaver JK (1987) Skiing-related injuries to the shoulder. Clin Orthop 216:24–28
Yin B, Moen TC, Thompson SA, Bigliani LU, Ahmad CS, Levine WN (2012) Operative treatment of isolated greater tuberosity fractures: retrospective review of clinical and functional outcomes. Orthopedics 35:807–814
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Interessenkonflikt
M. Muhm, S. Arend, H. Winkler und T. Ruffing geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
Additional information
Redaktion
W. Mutschler, München
H. Polzer, München
B. Ockert, München
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Muhm, M., Arend, S., Winkler, H. et al. Begleitverletzungen bei Tuberculum-majus-Frakturen. Unfallchirurg 120, 854–864 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-016-0235-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00113-016-0235-8