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An investigation of thermochemical changes in Canadian hardwood species during wood welding

Untersuchung von thermochemischen Veränderungen in kanadischen Laubholzarten beim Reibschweißen

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Abstract

Thermochemical changes during wood-dowel welding were investigated in two Canadian hardwood species commonly used for indoor appearance applications: sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis). The original reference wood sample and the welded interface between two bonded wood pieces, a dowel and a substrate, were compared to explain differences in mechanical properties between species. Pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used. The gases emitted during wood welding were determined by Py-GC/MS and gas chromatography coupled with a thermal conductivity detector and a flame ionization detector (GC-TCD/FID). Results showed that thermal welding of birch and maple woods degrades hemicelluloses and affects lignin polymer through depolymerisation. Welding effectiveness is therefore directly associated with the properties of the original wood constituents, primarily lignin and carbohydrates. The lignin-related changes at the welded interface were greater for sugar maple than for yellow birch, corroborating mechanical property differences observed between the two species. The gases proportions were similar for both species and no harmful gases were detected in the smoke released during welding process.

Zusammenfassung

Untersucht wurden die thermochemischen Veränderungen, die beim Einbringen von Dübeln mittels Reibschweißen in zwei in Kanada für Innenanwendungen häufig verwendeten Laubholzarten Zuckerahorn (Acer saccharum) und Gelbbirke (Betula alleghaniensis) auftreten. Die Schweißfläche zwischen den zwei verbundenen Holzteilen, einem Dübel und einem Holz, und dem nicht betroffenen Holz wurden verglichen, um unterschiedliche mechanische Eigenschaften beider Holzarten anhand von Pyrolyse-Gaschromatographie–Massenspektrometrie (Py-GC/MS), Fourier-Transformations-Infrarot-Spektroskopie in abgeschwächter Totalreflexion (ATR-FTIR) und Röntgen-Photoelektronenspektroskopie zu bestimmen. Die beim Reibschweißen emittierten Gase wurden bestimmt mittels Py-GC/MS und Gaschromatographie gekoppelt mit einem Wärmeleitfähigkeitsmesser und einem Flammenionisationsdetektor (GC-TCD/FID). Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass beim Reibschweißen von Birken- und Ahornholz Hemicellulosen abgebaut werden und auch das Ligninpolymer depolimerisiert wird. Die Güte der Verschweißung hängt deswegen direkt von den Eigenschaften der zu verschweißenden Holzbestandteile ab, insbesondere dem Lignin und der Kohlenhydrate. Veränderungen des Lignins an der Schweißfläche waren bei Zuckerahorn größer als bei Gelbbirke und bestätigen damit die unterschiedlichen mechanischen Eigenschaften beider Holzarten. Die Gasanteile waren bei beiden Holzarten vergleichbar und im Rauch, der beim Schweißen entsteht, wurden keine schädlichen Gase festgestellt.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Le Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies (FQRNT) for a research grant (T. Stevanovic) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and FPInnovations for a scholarship (B. Belleville). Thanks are extended to the Centre de Recherche Industrielle du Québec for technical support. We also wish to express our thanks to Alain Adnot, Université Laval, for his contribution to the XPS analysis, to Florian Prost, SEREX, for his support in GC/TCD-FID analysis and to Yves Bédard, Université Laval, for his assistance with the laboratory work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département des Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt, Centre de recherche sur le Bois, Université Laval, Québec, Canada

    B. Belleville, T. Stevanovic, A. Cloutier, P. N. Diouf & M. Royer

  2. ENSTIB-LERMAB, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy-1, France

    A. Pizzi

  3. Faculté des Sciences de la Vie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

    M. Prado

  4. Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Université of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    S. Erakovic

  5. SEREX, Amqui, Canada

    P. N. Diouf

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  1. B. Belleville
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Correspondence to T. Stevanovic.

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Belleville, B., Stevanovic, T., Cloutier, A. et al. An investigation of thermochemical changes in Canadian hardwood species during wood welding. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 71, 245–257 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-013-0671-x

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