Zusammenfassung
Bei 30–40% der Insektengiftallergiker besteht serologisch eine Doppelpositivität gegenüber Bienen- und Wespengift. Neben echten Doppelsensibilisierungen sind klinisch irrelevante IgE-Antikörper gegen kreuzreaktive Kohlenhydratdeterminanten (α1,3-fucosylierte N-Glykane; „cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants“, CCDs) die häufigste und oft alleinige Ursache der Doppelpositivität. Wichtigste CCD-haltige Allergene in den Giften sind die Hyaluronidasen. Spezifische Kreuzreaktionen über die Hyaluronidasepeptide sind vergleichsweise selten, wobei sich im Wespengift die Hyaluronidase nach Berücksichtigung von CCDs nur als Minorallergen erweist. In-vitro-Tests mit fucosylierten pflanzlichen Glykoproteinen (z. B. Bestimmung der spezifischen IgE-Antikörper im CAP-System auf Bromelain) liefern im Routinebetrieb wertvolle Informationen über die Präsenz CCD-spezifischer Antikörper in einzelnen Sera, schließen aber bei positivem Ergebnis (70–80% aller doppelt positiven Sera) eine echte Doppelsensibilisierung nicht zwingend aus. Eine genaue Abklärung ist derzeit nur über reziproke Inhibitionsexperimente unter Einschluss fucosylierter pflanzlicher Glykoproteine möglich. Eine erhebliche Vereinfachung würde die Serodiagnostik auf Basis CCD-freier rekombinanter Allergene bedeuten.
Abstract
About 30–40% of patients with insect venom allergy have IgE antibodies reacting with both honeybee and Vespula venom. Apart from true double sensitization, IgE against cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs, alpha1,3-fucosylated N-glycans) with low clinical relevance is the most frequent and often only cause for the multiple reactivity. Venom hyaluronidases have been identified as the most important allergens displaying CCDs, whereas cross-reactions through the hyaluronidases’ peptide backbones are less common. If IgE binding to CCDs is disregarded, Vespula venom hyaluronidase is only a minor allergen. In-vitro tests using fucosylated plant glycoproteins (e.g. assessment of specific IgE antibodies by CAP-FEiA to bromelain) are helpful in identifying sera containing CCD-specific IgE, although a positive result (occurring in 70–80% of all double-positive sera) does not reliably exclude true double-sensitization. Reciprocal in-vitro inhibition including non-venom inhibitor proteins rich in CCDs is the method of choice to discriminate between double-sensitization and cross-reactivity. Future in-vitro diagnosis will be markedly improved when recombinant allergens lacking CCDs become commercially available.
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Hemmer, W. Kreuzreaktivität auf Bienen- und Wespengift. Hautarzt 59, 194–199 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-008-1485-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-008-1485-3