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Chirurgische Therapie des kolorektalen Karzinoms im Alter

Surgical treatment of colorectal carcinoma in the elderly

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Zusammenfassung

Das kolorektale Karzinom ist eine der häufigsten Tumorentitäten weltweit und stellt vor dem Hintergrund einer ständig alternden Gesellschaft die chirurgischen Disziplinen vor eine besondere Herausforderung bei der Behandlung älterer und zumeist polymorbider Patienten.

Entsprechend des demographischen Wandels nimmt der Anteil alter (>65 Jahre) und sehr alter (≥80 Jahre) Patienten im Operationskollektiv kontinuierlich zu. Dies resultiert in höheren Morbiditäts- und Mortalitätsraten verglichen mit jüngeren Patienten, wobei Wundinfekte und kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen häufiger auftreten, nicht jedoch die Anastomoseninsuffizienz. In der multivariaten Analyse waren Alter ≥80 Jahre, höherer ASA-Status und Operation als Notfall unabhängige Risikofaktoren für eine gesteigerte In-hospital-Mortalität.

Mit zunehmendem Patientenalter ist ein Rechts-Shift bezüglich der Tumorlokalisation des kolorektalen Karzinoms zu verzeichnen. Ob minimalinvasive Operationstechniken die erhöhten Morbiditäts- und Mortalitätsraten bei älteren Patienten reduzieren werden, lässt sich anhand der vorliegenden Studien noch nicht abschließend beurteilen. Eine positive Veränderung im Sinne einer Reduktion wird jedoch in zunehmenden Maß berichtet, ohne dass das onkologische Ergebnis beeinträchtigt ist.

Ältere Patienten benötigen individualisierte Therapieentscheidungen, die das Ausmaß der bestehenden Begleiterkrankungen und der persönlichen Lebensumstände berücksichtigen. Bis dato ist die Kohorte der sog. „octogenarians“ (über 80-jährige Patienten) in den verfügbaren Leitlinien nur unzureichend berücksichtigt. Die Einbindung geriatrischer Expertise sollte angestrebt werden, um eine optimale Nutzen-Risiko-Bewertung vornehmen zu können, denn das Lebensalter selbst ist für die Therapiewahl ohne Bedeutung.

Abstract

Colorectal carcinoma is one of the most frequent tumor entities worldwide. The treatment of elderly and mostly polymorbid patients is an outstanding challenge in view of the demographic change with a continuously aging community. Due to the demographic changes the numbers of elderly (>65 years) and very old (≥80 years) patients are steadily increasing in surgical cohorts. This has resulted in higher morbidity and mortality rates in comparison to younger patients, with increased wound healing and cardiovascular complications but with comparable numbers of anastomotic insufficiency. Multivariate analysis revealed age ≥80 years, higher ASA status and emergency operations as independent risk factors for increased in-hospital mortality. With respect to the localization of colorectal cancer a shift to the right has been observed with increasing patient age. Whether minimally invasive surgical techniques can reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality rates in elderly patients requires further evaluation. Nevertheless, a reduction of both was reported without compromising the oncological result. Elderly patients require individualized treatment modalities, which take the extent of comorbidities and personal environment into consideration. So far, the cohort of octogenarians has not been adequately considered in current guidelines; therefore, geriatric expertise is recommended to be able to make a better assessment of benefit-risk ratios, as age itself has no impact on the decision for therapy.

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Correspondence to M. Glanemann.

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J. Schuld und M. Glanemann geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Schuld, J., Glanemann, M. Chirurgische Therapie des kolorektalen Karzinoms im Alter. Chirurg 88, 123–130 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-016-0342-7

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