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Extravasation—eine seltene Komplikation zentralvenöser Katheter?

Fallbericht einer drohenden Arrosion der A. carotis

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Zusammenfassung

Eine Extravasation—eine unbeabsichtigte Injektion oder Leckage von Substanzen in das perivaskuläre oder subkutane Gewebe—kann Gewebeschäden verursachen, die je nach Substanz, nach ausgetretener Menge und Konzentration bis hin zur ausgedehnten Weichteilnekrose reichen. Bedeutende Gewebeschäden werden neben Chemotherapeutika u. a. durch Elektrolytkonzentrate, Vasopressoren und hyperosmolare Lösungen verursacht. Um Extravasationen zu vermeiden ist eine Überwachung der Katheterlage, des Infusionsdrucks und der Weichteile um die Einstichstelle erforderlich. Sollte die Prävention versagt haben, muss die Infusion sofort unterbrochen werden. Innerhalb der ersten 24 h sollten die gewebetoxischen Substanzen mit Hilfe von Entlastungsinzisionen und Spülung mit Ringer-Laktat eliminiert werden. Eine später einsetzende Behandlung erfordert ein Débridement. Die Tiefenausdehnung einer möglichen Gewebenekrose wird häufig unterschätzt und sollte deshalb durch MRT beurteilt werden. Wir berichten über eine lebensbedrohliche Halsweichteilnekrose mit drohender Arrosion der A. carotis communis durch Extravasation von Kalium-Clorid-Lösung aus einem dislozierten Jugularis interna Mehrlumenkatheter. Die Pathophysiologie des Schädigungsmechanismus wird diskutiert und es wird ein Überblick über die Inzidenz, das medikamentenabhängige Komplikationsrisiko und die erforderlichen Sofortmaßnahmen bei Extravasationen zentraler und peripherer Venenkatheter gegeben.

Abstract

Extravasation is the non-intentional leakage of substances/solutions into the perivascular or subcutaneous space that can result in significant tissue damage. The extent of destruction depends on the properties of the substance, its concentration, and the amount applied. Substances known to cause severe tissue damage include certain chemotherapeutic agents, vasoactive substances, concentrated electrolytes, and other hyperosmolar solutions. Extravasation can be avoided by meticulous monitoring of venous access. When extravasation occurs, the infusion should be stopped immediately. Substances known to cause tissue damage should be removed from perivascular or subcutaneous space within 24 hours by local incision and irrigation. A delay in early treatment may necessitate more extensive surgical debridement and skin coverage operations. Since the extent of deep soft tissue damage is difficult to predict and is often underestimated, a magnetic resonance imaging should be performed before surgery. We report here on a 73-year-old patient, in whom extravasation of potassium-chloride from a dislocated multi-lumen central venous catheter led to a life-threatening skin and soft-tissue necrosis of the neck. This article provides an overview of common vesicants, theories of tissue destruction, potential risk factors, guidelines for prevention, and current treatment strategies.

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Schummer, W., Schummer, C., Müller, A. et al. Extravasation—eine seltene Komplikation zentralvenöser Katheter?. Anaesthesist 52, 711–717 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-003-0521-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-003-0521-z

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