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Acoustic sensors as a biophysical tool for probing cell attachment and cell/surface interactions

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Abstract

Acoustic biosensors offer the possibility to analyse cell attachment and spreading. This is due to the offered speed of detection, the real-time non-invasive approach and their high sensitivity not only to mass coupling, but also to viscoelastic changes occurring close to the sensor surface. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface acoustic wave (Love-wave) systems have been used to monitor the adhesion of animal cells to various surfaces and record the behaviour of cell layers under various conditions. The sensors detect cells mostly via their sensitivity in viscoelasticity and mechanical properties. Particularly, the QCM sensor detects cytoskeletal rearrangements caused by specific drugs affecting either actin microfilaments or microtubules. The Love-wave sensor directly measures cell/substrate bonds via acoustic damping and provides 2D kinetic and affinity parameters. Other studies have applied the QCM sensor as a diagnostic tool for leukaemia and, potentially, for chemotherapeutic agents. Acoustic sensors have also been used in the evaluation of the cytocompatibility of artificial surfaces and, in general, they have the potential to become powerful tools for even more diverse cellular analysis.

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Notes

  1. Interactions of molecules in apposed surfaces are analysed differently from interactions of soluble molecules. The main difference is that soluble molecules are treated as molar concentrations of molecules, while the surface-tethered molecules are considered surface densities. As a result, the surface-associated events, such as binding of membrane molecules, are governed by two-dimensional kinetics and affinity [69], where association rate (k a) and binding affinity (K A) constants are expressed in μm2 s−1 per molecule and μm2 per molecule, respectively, instead of the traditional k a in M−1 s−1 and K A in M−1.

Abbreviations

QCM:

Quartz crystal microbalance

SAW:

Surface acoustic wave

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. A. Tsortos for helpful discussions and for critically reading the manuscript. ELKE-University of Crete is acknowledged for financial support (research grant K.A. 2732).

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  1. Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion-Crete, Greece

    Michael Saitakis & Electra Gizeli

  2. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, 100 N. Plastira Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion-Crete, Greece

    Michael Saitakis & Electra Gizeli

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Correspondence to Electra Gizeli.

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Saitakis, M., Gizeli, E. Acoustic sensors as a biophysical tool for probing cell attachment and cell/surface interactions. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 69, 357–371 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-011-0854-8

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