Mechanisms of action of plant sterols on inhibition of cholesterol absorption

Summary

The effects of two different plant sterols on intestinal cholesterol absorption were compared in normal volunteers by an intestinal perfusion study during a control period followed by high dose infusion of sitosterol or sitostanol (3.6 μmol/min), to which subjects were allocated in a randomized manner. Cholesterol absorption during the control period was similar in the two groups, averaging 0.88 ± 0.48 umol/min (32 ± 11%) for group I (sitosterol) and 0.68 ± 0.33 umol/min (29 ± 9%) for group II (sitostanol). The infusion of a high dose of sitosterol resulted in a significant reduction of cholesterol absorption to 0.47 umol/min (16%). Following the same dose of sitostanol, cholesterol absorption diminished significantly to 0.15 ± 0.11 umol/min (5.1 ± 2.9%). Overall cholesterol absorption declined during sitosterol infusion by almost 50%, whereas sitostanol infusion caused a reduction of cholesterol absorption by almost 85%. These findings of a more effective inhibition of cholesterol absorption by sitostanol might confirm the observation recorded by others that an increase in hydrophobicity of a plant sterol results in a higher affinity but lower capacity to mixed micells. This may cause an effective displacement of cholesterol from micellar binding and therefore diminished cholesterol absorption.