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Zorg(en) rond het kind met ernstig traumatisch hersenletsel

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Tijdschrift voor Kindergeneeskunde

Samenvatting

Traumatisch hersenletsel is een frequente oorzaak van morbiditeit en mortaliteit door ongevallen of mishandeling op de kinderleeftijd. Ernstig neurotrauma wordt gedefinieerd als een neurotrauma met een glasgow-comascore kleiner dan 9 op de plaats van het ongeval. Gebaseerd op de geldende richtlijnen voor de behandeling van ernstig neurotrauma bij kinderen en volwassenen en aanvullende recente literatuur wordt een overzicht gegeven van de beste huidige behandeling van deze patiënten gericht op de Nederlandse situatie. Hypotensie, shock en hypoxie zijn geassocieerd met een slechte uitkomst en moeten actief bestreden worden. Transport dient primair naar een gespecialiseerd traumacentrum te geschieden. Zo spoedig mogelijk dient een CT-scan verricht te worden, en een herhaling van dit onderzoek moet overwogen worden bij iedere neurologische verslechtering. Een operabele intracraniële bloeding met massa-effect is een indicatie voor chirurgische evacuatie. De basisbehandeling bestaat uit adequate ventilatie, normothermie, sedatie en het intact houden of optimaliseren van het interne milieu. De intracraniële druk dient door middel van frequent neurologisch onderzoek met gebruik van de (pediatrische) glasgow-comaschaal en/of via een ICP-meter te geschieden. Als behandeling van intracraniële drukverhoging zijn osmotische therapie, diepere sedatie, liquordrainage, opgelegde hypothermie, kortdurende hyperventilatie en decompressie craniëctomie effectief, hoewel de effecten op de uitkomst niet geheel duidelijk zijn. Voor het profylactisch gebruik van anti-epileptica, voor het barbituratencoma en voor spierverslappers is in het algemeen geen indicatie. Corticosteroïden zijn gecontra-indiceerd.

Summary

Traumatic brain injury is a frequent cause of child morbidity and mortality resulting from both accidents and abusive head injury. Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as brain injury with an initial (Pediatric) Glasgow Coma Score less than 9. Based on the current guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury in children and adults and additional recent literature we give an overview of the current state of the art treatment of these patients as applicable to the situation in the Netherlands. Hypotension, shock and hypoxia are associated with an unfavorable outcome and need to be addressed actively. Patients should be transported directly to a specialized pediatric trauma center. The patient should receive a CT scan as soon as possible and repeating the scan should be considered with every deterioration of the neurological condition. Surgical evacuation of mass lesions should be performed as needed. Adequate ventilation, prevention of hyperthermia, sedation and maintenance of the interior environment are the cornerstones of the subsequent therapy. The patient should be frequently evaluated by neurological examination, the assessment of the (Pediatric) Glasgow Coma Scale and/ or through direct monitoring of the intracranial pressure. Hyperosmolar therapy, deeper sedation, CSF drainage, therapeutic hypothermia, short-term hyperventilation and decompressive craniectomy are effective in lowering the ICP, although their effects on long-term outcome are not fully established. There is no indication in general for anti-seizure prophylaxis, high-dose barbiturate therapy or neuromuscular blockade. The use of corticosteroids is contraindicated.

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Correspondence to R. Petru.

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Dhr. drs. R. Petru, kinderarts, afdeling Intensive Care, UMC St Radboud, Nijmegen. Mw. dr. S.M. Peerdeman, neurochirurg, afdeling Neurochirurgie, dhr. dr. W.J.R. van Ouwerkerk, kinderneurochirurg, afdeling (kinder)Neurochirurgie, VU medisch centrum, Amsterdam.

Correspondentieadres: Drs. R. Petru, afdeling Intensive Care 551, UMC St Radboud, Postbus 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen

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Petru, R., Peerdeman, S.M. & van Ouwerkerk, W.J.R. Zorg(en) rond het kind met ernstig traumatisch hersenletsel. KIND 76, 296–303 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03078223

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