Abstract
The effect of colored shade nets with different shade intensities and qualities of irradiation transmittance on pepper powdery mildew was tested in mini-plots and field experiments. Leaf coverage byLeveillula taurica and leaf shedding due to the disease were more severe in the shade, by up to 275% and 70%, respectively, than in the open field. Leaf coverage byL. taurica symptoms and leaf shedding from plants grown under 25% shade black nets were higher, by up to 70% and 180%, respectively, than under 40% shade nets. The color of the shade nets affected the intensity of photosynthetically active (PAR), ultra-violet (UV), blue, red and far red radiations, the UV/blue light ratio, and percent PAR and UV transmitted. The various nets suppressed the disease differently. Black, blue-silver, green and red nets were associated with lower levels of disease in the field experiments. The red net was also superior in the mini-plots. The other results from the mini-plots were not similar to those from the field, probably reflecting more intensive epidemic development in the mini-plots. No interaction between net type and cultivar was found when two cultivars were grown under the nets. Yield was higher under nets than in the open; nevertheless, the yield from plants grown under the 40% shade black net was not higher than that of the plants under the 25% black net, despite the significantly lower levels of disease at the higher shade intensity. B-quality pepper yield was significantly higher in the plots covered by 25% shade. Yield differences between the different colored nets were also not well correlated with disease levels, probably due to factors negating the direct effect of the nets on the plants and their yield. Implementation of either ‘friendly’ (Ampelomyces quisqualis AQ10/Trichoderma harzianum T39/ sulfur/ neem seed extract) or chemical (sulfur/ pyrifenox/ Polyoxin AL/ myclobutanil/ azoxystrobin) spray regimes successfully reduced disease severity under the different nets. There was no interaction between net type and spray regime. Thus, growing sweet pepper under shade nets results in increased yields and also in higher powdery mildew severity. Disease is negatively associated with the rate of shading and is variably affected by the quality of light filtered through the different colored shade nets.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aloni, B., Karni, L., Rylski, I. and Zaidman, Z. (1994) The effect of nitrogen fertilization and shading on the incidence of color spots in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit.J. Hortic. Sci. 69:767–773.
Amsalem, L., Freeman, S., Rav-David, D., Nitzani, Y., Sztejnberg, A., Pertot, I.et al. (2005) Biology and epidemiology of powdery mildew caused bySphaerotheca macularis on strawberry.Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 114:283–292.
Brand, M., Mesika, Y., Elad, Y., Sztejnberg, A., Rav-David, D. and Nitzani, Y. (2002) Effect of greenhouse climate on biocontrol of powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) in sweet pepper and prospects for integrated disease management.IOBC/WPRS Bull. 25(10):69–72.
Brand, M., Mesika, Y., Elad Y., Sztejnberg, A., Rav David, D., Nitzani, Y.et al. (2002) Integrated control of powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) in sweet pepper.Phytoparasitica 30:298 (abstr.).
Cimanowski, J., Novacki, J. and Millikan, D.F. (1975) Effect of light on the development of powdery mildew on and some physiological and morphological changes in apple leaf tissue.Phytoprotection 56:96–103.
Diop-Bruckler, M. (1989) Effect of climatic factors on development ofLeveillula taurica and susceptibility ofCapsicum annuum at different vegetative stages.J. Phytopathol. 126:104–114.
Elad, Y. (1997) Effect of filtration of solar light on the production of conidia by field isolates ofBotrytis cinerea and on several diseases of greenhouse crops.Crop Prot. 16:635–642.
Homma, Y., Arimoto, Y., Takahashi, H., Ishikawa, T., Matsuda, I. and Misato, T. (1980) Studies on pepper powdery mildew. I. Conidial germination, hyphal elongation and hyphal penetration on pepper leaf.Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn 46:140–149.
Homma, Y., Takahashi, H., Arimoto, Y., Ishikawa, T., Matsuda, I. and Misato, T. (1981) Studies on pepper powdery mildew. II. Conidiophore emergence and conidial formation on pepper leaf.Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn 47:143–150.
Jarosz, A.M. and Levy, M. (1988) Effects of habitat and population structure on powdery mildew epidemics in experimental Phlox populations.Phytopathology 78:358–362.
Jordan, V.W.L. and Richmond, D.V. (1972) The effect of glass cloche and coloured polyethylene tunnels on microclimate, growth, yield and disease severity of strawberry plants.J. Hortic. Sci. 47:419–426.
Kunoh, H., Kohno, M., Tashiro, S. and Ishizaki, H. (1979) Studies of the powdery-mildew fungus,Leveillula taurica, on green pepper. II. Light and electron microscopic observation of the infection process.Can. J. Bot. 57:2501–2508.
Leibovich, G., Cohen, R. and Paris, H.S. (1996) Shading of plants facilitates selection for powdery mildew resistance in squash.Euphytica 90:289–292.
Martin, T.J., Stuckey, R.E., Safir, G.R. and Ellingboe, A.H. (1975) Reduction of transpiration from wheat caused by germinating conidia ofErysiphe graminis f. sp.tritici.Physiol. Plant Pathol. 7:71–77.
Mesika, Y., Elad, Y., Nitzani, Y., Rav David, D., Sztejnberg, A., Brand, M.et al. (2001) Effect of microclimate onLeveillula taurica and on powdery mildew in greenhouse-grown pepper.Phytoparasitica 29:248–249 (abstr.).
Minuto, G. and Garibaldi, A. (1996) Confronto di mezzi di lotta al mal bianco (Oidium sp.) del rosmarino. [Comparison of methods of control of powdery mildew (Oidium sp.) on rosemary.]Inf. Fitopatol. 46(12):33–37.
Palti, J. (1959)Oidiopsis diseases of vegetable and legume crops in Israel.Plant Dis. Rep. 43:221–226.
Palti, J. (1988) TheLeveillula mildews.Bot. Rev. 54:423–535.
Rylski, I. and Spigelman, M. (1986) Effects of shading on plant developments, yield and fruit quality of sweet pepper grown under conditions of high temperatures and radiation.Scient. Hortic. 29:31–35.
Rylski, I. and Spigelman, M. (1986) Use of shading to control the time of harvest of red-ripe pepper fruits during the winter season in a high-radiation desert climate.Scient. Hortic. 29:37–45.
Schnathorst, W.C. (1959) Resistance in lettuce to powdery mildew related to osmotic value.Phytopathology 49:562–571.
Schuerger, A.C. and Brown, C.S. (1997) Spectral quality affects disease development of three pathogens on hydroponically grown plants.HortScience 32:96–100.
Shahak, Y., Gussakovsky, E.E., Cohen, Y., Lurie, S., Stern, R., Kfir, S.et al. (2004) ColorNets: a new approach for light manipulation in fruit trees.Acta Hortic. 636:609–616.
Shtienberg, D. and Dreishpoun, J. (1991) Suppression ofAlternaria leaf spot in Pima cotton by systemic fungicides.Crop Prot. 10:381–385.
Willocquet, L., Colombet, D., Rougier, M., Fargues, J. and Clerjeau, M. (1996) Effects of radiation, especially ultraviolet B, on conidial germination and mycelial growth of grape powdery mildew.Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 102:441–449.
Yarwood, C.E. (1957) Powdery mildews.Bot. Rev. 33:235–301.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 8, 2007.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Elad, Y., Messika, Y., Brand, M. et al. Effect of colored shade nets on pepper powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica). Phytoparasitica 35, 285–299 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02981163
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02981163