Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Toxicology and biochemistry of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene

  • Technical
  • Symposium: Toxicology And Biochemistry Of Food Additives Used In Fats And Oils
  • Published:
Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society

Abstract

Butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene are used extensively as food antioxidants. It is estimated that man consumes ca. 0.1 mg/kg body wt daily of these antioxidants. At levels 500 times this level (50 mg/kg/day), both butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene appear to be free of any obviously injurious effects. However, at larger doses (500 mg/kg/day), both butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene result in certain pathological, enzyme, and lipid alterations in both rodents and monkeys, and butylated hydroxytoluene, in some cases, has been reported to have certain teratogenic and carcinogenic effects upon rodents. These alterations appear to differ markedly between rodents and monkeys, apparently as a result of differences which exist in the metabolism and excretion of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene by these two species. However, in both animal species, the alterations appear to be physiological responses which are reversible upon removal of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene from the diet. Long term chronic ingestion of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene may be beneficial in sparing vitamin E and in modifying the acute toxicity of a number of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Angeline, J.F., and G.P. Leanardos, Food Technol. 27:40 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Labuza, T.P., CRC Crit. Rev. Food Technol. 2:355 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Stuckey, B.N., in “Handbook of Food Additives,” Edited by T.E. Furia, Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio, 1972, pp. 185–223.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Johnson, F.C., C.R.C. Crit. Rev. Food Technol. 2:267 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Collings, A.J., and M. Sharratt, Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 8:409 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Feuer, G., L. Golberg, and J.R. LePelly, Ibid. 3:235 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Gaunt, I.F., G. Feuer, F.A. Fairweather, and D. Gilbert, Ibid. 3:433 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Gilbert, D., and L. Golberg, Ibid. 3:417 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Botham, C.M., D.M. Conning, J. Hayes, M.H. Litchfield, and T.F. McElligott, Ibid. 8:1 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Lane, B.P., and C.S. Lieber, Lab. Invest. 16:342 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Brown, W.D., A.R. Johnson, and M.W. O’Halloran, Australian J. Expt. Biol. Med. 37:533 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Denz, F.A., and J.G. Llaurado, Brit. J. Exptl. Pathol. 38:515 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sporn, A., and O. Schobesch, Microbiol. Epidemiol. 9:113 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Allen, J.R., and J.F. Engblom, Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 10:769 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Milner, S.M., Nature 216:557 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Deichmann, W.B., J.J. Clemmer, R. Rakoczx, and J. Biachine, Arch. Ind. Hyg. 11:93 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wilder, O.H.M., and H.R. Kraybill, Amer. Meat Inst. Foundation Bull. (1948).

  18. Frawley, J.R., F.E. Kohn, J.H. Kay, and J.C. Calandra, Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 3:377 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Karplyuk, I.A., Vop. Pitan. 19:67 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Wilder, O.H.M., P.C. Ostby, and B.R. Gregory, J. Agr. Food Chem. 8:504 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Allen, J.R., and J.F. Engblom, Paper presented at the Annual Food Research Institute Meeting, Chicago, Ill., October, 1973.

  22. Hodge, H.C., E.A. Maynard, W.L. Downs, J.K. Ashton, and L.L. Salerno, Tox. Appl. Pharmac. 9:583 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Seal, P., P.A. Riley, and D.R. Inman, J. Invest. Derm. 52:264 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Woods, D.A., and C.J. Smith, Exp. Molec. Pathol. 10:107 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Clapp, N.K., R.L. Tyndall, and R.B. Cumming, Fd Cosmet. Toxicol. 11:847 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kamra, O.P., Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 23:295 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ulland, B.M., J.H. Weisburger, R.S. Yamamoto, and E.K. Weisburger, Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 11:199 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cumming, R.B., and M.F. Walton, Ibid. 11:547 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Shamburger, R.J., Medical World News, Feb. 16, 1973, pp. 72–73.

  30. Grantham, P.H., J.H. Weisburger, and E.K. Weisburger, Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 11:209 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Shamburger, R.J., F.F. Baughman, S.L. Kalchert, C.E. Willis, and G.C. Hoffman, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 70:1461 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Gaunt, I.F., D. Gilbert, and D. Martin, Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 3:445 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Pascal, G., Ann. Nutr. Aliment. 23:73 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Creavan, P.J., W.H. Davies, and R.T. Williams, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 18:485 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Gilbert, D., and L. Golberg, Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 5:481 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Pascal, G., and T. Terroine, Circ. hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci, Paris (Series D) 268:1529 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Martin, A.D., and D. Gilbert, Biochem. J. 106:228 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Sporn, A., and I. Dina, Revue Roum. Biochem. 4:301 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hathaway, D.E., Advan. Food Res. 15:1 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Branen, A.L., T. Richardson, M.C. Goel, and J.R. Allen, Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 11:797 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sporn, A., M. Cucu, I. Dinu, I. Florescu, G. Rotaru, and R. Sporn, Igiena 16:269 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Day, A.J., A.R. Johnson, M.W. O’Halloran, and C.J. Schwartz, Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 37:295 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Pascal, G., Arch. Sci. Physiol. 24:37 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Johnson, A.R., and E.S. Holdsworth, J. Nutr. Dietet. 5:147 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Alfin-Slater, R.B., Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 8:445 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Krishnamurthy, S., and J.G. Bieri, J. Nutrition 77:245 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. March, B.E., V. Coates, and J. Biely, Science 164:1398 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Bunnell, R.H., L.D. Matterson, E.P. Singsen, L.M. Potter, A. Kozeff, E.L. Jungherr, Poultry Sci. 34:1068 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Telford, I.R., C.S. Woodruff, and R.H. Linford, Amer. J. Anat. 110:29 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Johnson, A.R., M.W. O’Halloran, and F.R. Hewgill, JAOCS 35:496 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Francois, A.C., and A. Pihet, Ann. Zootech. 9:195 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. diLuzio, N.R., and F. Costales, Ex. Mol. Path. 4:141 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Newberne, P.M., M.R. Bresnahan, and N. Kula, J. Nutr. 97:219 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Wilson, R.B., and W.S. Hartraft, Fed. Proc. 30:369 (Abstract) (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Harman, D., J. Gerontol. 12:257 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Harman, D., Gerontologist (supplement) 8:13 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Ramwell, P.W., J.E. Shaw, G.B. Clarke, M.F. Grostic, D.G. Kaiser, and J.E. Pike, in “Progress in the Chemistry of Fats and Other Lipids,” Vol. IX, Edited by R.T. Holman, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1968, p. 233.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Fisherman, E.W., and G. Cohen, Ann. Allergy 31:126 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Posoti, L.P., and M.J. Pallansch, Science 168:121 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Clegg, D.J., Cosmet. Toxicol. 3:387 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Johnson, A.R., Fd. Ib id. 3:371 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Stokes, J., C.L. Scudder, and A.G. Karczmar, Fed. Proc. 31:596 (Abstract) (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Golder, W.S., A.J. Ryan, and S.E. Wright, J. Pharm. and Pharmacol. 14:268 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Astill, B.D., D.W. Fassett, and R.L. Roundabush, Biochem. J. 75:543 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Astill, B.D., J. Mills, D.W. Fassett, R.L. Roundabush, and C.J. Terhaar, J. Agr. Food Chem. 10:315 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Dacre, J.C., F.A. Denz, and T.H. Kennedy, Biochem. J. 64:777 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  67. Branen, A.L., H.C. Chang, G. Lenz, and J. Surak, Paper presented at the Annual Food Research Institute Meeting, Chicago, Ill., October, 1973.

  68. Daniel, J.W., J.C. Gage, D.I. Jones, and M.A. Stevens, Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 5:475 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Ladomery, L.G., A.J. Ryan, and S.E. Wright, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 15:771 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Daniel, J.W., and J.C. Gage, Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 3:405 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Dacre, J.C., Biochem. J. 78:758 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Ladomery, L.G., A.J. Ryan, and S.E. Wright, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 19:383 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Daniel, J.W., J.C. Gage, and D.I. Jones, Biochem. J. 106:783 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Ladomery, L.G., A.J. Ryan, and S.E. Wright, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 19:388 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Holder, G.M., A.J. Ryan, T.R. Watson, and L.I. Wiebe, Ibid. 22:832 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Holder, G.M., A.J. Ryan, T.R. Watson, and L.I. Wiebe, Ibid. 22:375 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Daniel, J.W., and J.C. Gage, Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 9:320 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science and Technology, Washington State University, 99163, Pullman, Washington

    A. L. Branen

Authors
  1. A. L. Branen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

One of nine papers presented in the symposium, “Toxicology and Biochemistry of Food Additives Used in Fats and Oils,” at the AOCS Fall Meeting, Chicago, September 1973.

Information paper, College of Agriculture Research Center, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash.

About this article

Cite this article

Branen, A.L. Toxicology and biochemistry of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. J Am Oil Chem Soc 52, 59–63 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02901825

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02901825

Keywords

Search

Navigation