Abstract
No taxonomic concept has so far been proposed that can account for all isolates ofLeveillula: most of their morphological characteristics are too variable, and their pathogenicity too flexible to accommodate them in well-defined taxa. We therefore distinguish here only between loosely defined populations of the fungus, with various geographical and host distributions.
A description is presented of the morphology of the vegetative and reproductive organs ofLeveillula, of the infection and colonization process (chiefly on pepper) and of the degrees of endophytism on various hosts.
The symptoms produced by the mildew on its hosts are reviewed. Host reaction to mildew invasion differs considerably, especially because on some hosts, but not on others, extensive leaf shedding is induced.
The host range ofLeveillula fungi extends over 74 families, ca. 390 genera and 1000 species. The largest number of host species is found in the Compositae (227) and Leguminosae (154), but the most important crop hosts belong to the Solanaceae. Isolates from many hosts have been proved able to cross-infect various other host species in various genera of the host’s own family and of a number of other families.
The geographical distribution ofLeveillula populations centers on central and western Asia, and on the Mediterranean region, but some major hosts are also commonly attacked in subsaharan Africa, and South and Southeast Asia, less frequently in the Americas, and occasionally in Australia.
It is difficult to generalize on the epidemiology ofLeveillula mildews, (a) since the infectivity and host range of isolates differ so widely, and hence sources of inoculum have to be determined in every case by local studies, and (b) because the environmental conditions conducive to infection differ greatly on various hosts. All hosts are increasingly prone to attack as they age. Many hosts are attacked chiefly or only under warm and dry conditions, but there are some important exceptions (e.g., pepper).
Yield reductions are in many countries caused on pepper, tomato, eggplants, and artichokes, in tropical countries on leguminous crops in which the pods are affected; more rarely under dry conditions on cucurbits and some ornamental hosts.
Large differences in susceptibility toLeveillula exist in the varieties of major crops, but no immune varieties have so far been bred. Irrigation management is an important control measure on crops attacked under dry conditions (e.g., tomatoes): overhead irrigation is then preferable to other methods. Where wet and dry seasons alternate, proper choice of sowing seasons may succeed in minimizing attack of the mildew. Proximity of infected crops to others liable to infection by the same isolate must be avoided. The principles of fungicidal control of this mildew are discussed.
The distribution, specialization, and control ofLeveillula is described in detail for 13 angiosperm families, which comprise the most numerous and/or the economically most important hosts.
A list is presented of records published up to 1986 of host species, arranged by host families.
Zusammenfassung
Taxonomische Konzepte, die den Eigenschaften allerLeveillula Isolate gerecht werden, fehlen bisher: die meisten morphologischen Charakteristika dieser Pilze sind zu variabel und ihre Virulenz verschiedenen Wirten gegenueber zu unterschiedlich, um sie in fest umschriebene Taxa einzuordnen. Hier wird daher nur von lose umrissenen Populationen derLeveillula gesprochen, verschieden in ihrer geographischen Ausbreitung und ihrer Wirtswahl.
Die Morphologie derLeveillula Pilze wird hier beschrieben, sowie ihre Infektions- und Kolonizationsprozesse (hauptsaechlich beiCapsicum) und das Mass ihrer endophytischen Entwicklung auf verschiedenen Wirten.
Die vonLeveillula hervorgerufenen Symptome werden beschrieben. Verschiedenee Wirtspflanzen reagieren auf Befall durch diesen Mehltau recht unterschiedlich, besonders weil bei einigen Wirten starker Blattabfall bewirkt wird, waehrend bei anderen Wirten starker Befall zwar das Vertrockenen der Blaetter bewirkt, ohne aber dass es zum Blattabfall kommt.
Befall vonLeveillula ist bis jetzt auf etwa 1000 Wirtsspezien in 390 genera, die zu 74 Familien gehoeren, festgestellt worden. Die hoechste Anzahl von Wirtsspezien (227) wurde in den Compositae gefunden, gefo folgt von den Leguminosae (154), aber die wirtschaftlich wichtigsten Wirte befinden sich in den Solanaceae. Isolate von zahlreichen Wirten sind faehig Wirtsspezien derselben oder anderer Genera nicht nur in der eigenen, sondern auch in anderen Familien, zu befallen.
Das Zentrum der geographischen Ausbreitung derLeveillula Pilze liegt in den zentralen und westlichen Teilen Asiens, sowie im Mittelmeergebiet. Wichtige Wirtspflanzen werden jedoch oft auch in den suedlich der Sahara gelegenen Gebieten Afrikas und im Sueden und Suedosten Asiens befallen, seltener im amerikanischen Kontinent, und gelegentlich in Australien.
Allgemeine Aussagen ueber die Epidemiologie derLeveillula sind schwer zu machen; weil (a) die Virulenz und Wirtswahl der Isolate so unterschiedlich ist, und (b) der Befall verschiedener Wirte von recht verschiedenen Umweltsbedingungen beguenstigt wird. Alle Wirte werden mit zunehmendem Alter empfindlicher. Viele Wirte werden hauptsaechlich unter warmen und trockenen Bedingungen befallen, aber es gibt wichtige Ausnahmen, z.B. Pfeffer.
Leveillula-Befall verursacht in vielen Laendern Ertragsverluste, besonders bei Pfeffer, Tomate, Eierpflanze (Aubergine) und Artischoke, und in tropischen Laendern auch bei Leguminosen, deren Schoten befallen werden. Unter sehr trockenen Bedingungen erleiden auch Cucurbitaceae und einige Zierpflanzen Verluste.
Die Sorten vieler Kulturpflanzen sind unterschiedlich empfindlich, aber immune Sorten sind bis jetzt noch nicht gezuechtet worden.
Das Bewaesserungsregime spielt eine wichtige Rolle, wo Pflanzen unter trockenen Bedingungen befallen werden. So ist bei Tomaten Beregnung anderen Bewaesserungsmethoden vorzuziehen, um den Befall einzuschraenken. Wo feuchte und trockene Jahreszeiten sich abwechseln, kann geschickte Wahl des Aussaattermins die Gefahr des Befalls stark vermindern. Sehr wichtig ist es zu vermeiden, dass Kulturpflanzen in der Naehe anderer Wirte gepflanzt werden, wenn beide durch das gleicheLeveillula-Isolat befallen werden koennen.
Die Grundlagen der chemischen Bekaempfung des Mehltaus werden hier kurz eroertert, besonders im Hinblick auf den Termin des Fungizid-Einsatzes.
Die Ausbreitung, Spezialisierung und Bekaempfung vonLeveillula Pilzen in 13 Familien mit den zahlreichsten und wichtigsten Wirtsspezien, wird eingehend behandelt.
Eine nach Familien geordnete Liste der bis 1986 veroeffentlichten Wirtsspezien vonLeveillula beschliesst diese Monographie.
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Palti, J. TheLeveillula mildews. Bot. Rev 54, 423–535 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858418
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858418