Abstract
Chemosystematics is a common tool in systematics and taxonomy of extant plants. Terpenoids have been found to be especially valuable for chemosystematic investigations of conifers. A review of data in the extensive literature revealed some characteristic distribution patterns of sesqui-, di-, and triterpenoids in extant conifer families. The numerous terpenoids can be assigned to approximately 40 sesquiterpenoid, 17 diterpenoid, and only a few triterpenoid structural classes. Some of these terpenoid classes (e.g., cadinanes, humulanes, labdanes, pimaranes) are unspecific and distributed among all conifers. Other structural classes occur in certain clusters of families (e.g., totaranes in Podocarpaceae, Taxodiaceae, and Cupressaceae s.str.) or were restricted to species of only one conifer family (e.g., cuparanes in Cupressaceae s.str.).
Cupressaceae s.str. and Taxodiaceae show great similarities in their terpenoid composition (cedranes, thujopsanes) but can be separated by the occurrence of some sesquiterpenoids (cuparanes, widdranes), which were hitherto known only in Cupressaceae s.str. This supports a monophyletic clade of Cupressaceae s.str. within the major Taxodiaceae/Cupressaceae lineage (= Cupressaceae s.l.). Pinaceae differ from the other conifer families because they commonly lack several diterpenoid classes (phenolic abietanes, tetracyclic diterpenoids) and because they contain some distinct sesquiterpenoids (longicyclanes, sativanes), diterpenoids (cembranes), and triterpenoids (serratanes, lanostanes). With the exception of diterpenoid alkaloids (taxanes), Taxaceae contain terpenoids common in the other conifer families. This supports their inclusion as a separate family in the major conifer clade.
Zusammenfassung
Die Chemosystematik wird häufig in der Systematik und Taxonomie rezenter Pflanzen eingesetzt. Für die chemosystematische Untersuchung von Koniferen haben sich in früheren Arbeiten die Terpenoide als besonders geeignet erwiesen. Aus der Zusammenstellung der bisher publizierten Daten wurden einige charakteristische Verbreitungsmuster der Sesqui-Di-, und Triterpenoide in rezenten Familien der Koniferen deutlich.
Die zahlreichen Terpenoide können zu etwa 40 Strukturklassen der Sesquiterpenoide, 18 Klassen der Diterpenoide und wenige Klassen der Triterpenoide zugeordnet werden. Einige dieser Terpenoidklassen sind unspezifisch und unter allen Koniferen verbreitet (z.B. Cadinane, Humulane, Labdane, Pimarane). Andere Strukturklassen treten in bestimmten Clustern von Familien auf (z.B. Totarane in Podocarpaceae, Taxodiaceae und Cupressaceae s.str.) oder sind zum gegenwärtigen Wissensstand auf die Gattungen einer einzigen Koniferenfamilie beschränkt (z.B. Cuparane in Cupressaceae s.str.).
Cupressaceae s.str. und Taxodiaceae zeigen große Ähnlichkeiten in der Zusammensetzung ihrer Terpenoide, (Cedrane, Thujopsane), können aber durch einige Sesquiterpenoide unterschieden werden, die ausschließlich in den Cupressaceae s.str. auftreten (Cuparane, Widdrane). Dies unterstützt den monophyletischen Charakter der Cupressaceae s.str. innerhalb einer Gruppe, die die Taxodiaceae und Cupressaceae im klassischen Sinne umfaßt (= Cupressaceae s.l.). Die Pinaceae unterscheiden sich von den übrigen Familien der Koniferen durch das Fehlen von phenolischen Abietanen und tetrazyklischen Diterpenoiden sowie durch die Bildung bestimmter Sesquiterpenoide (Longicyclane, Sativane), Diterpenoide (Cembrane) und Triterpenoide (Serratane, Lanostane). Die Taxaceae enthalten mit Ausnahme der Diterpenoidalkaloide (Taxane) typische Terpenoide der Koniferen, was ein zusätzliches Argument gegen ihre Abtrennung auf einem höheren taxonomischen Level ist.
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Otto, A., Wilde, V. Sesqui-, di-, and triterpenoids as chemosystematic markers in extant conifers—A review. Bot. Rev 67, 141–238 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858076
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858076