Abstract
The interactions between malnutrition and infection are mutually adverse. The results of these interactions are of public health importance in developing countries where malnutrition and infection often co-exist. Recent studies highlight the mechanisms involved in these interactions and indicate the necessity for a comprehensive approach to control malnutrition in poor communities.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Scrimshaw NS. Syergism of malnutrition and infection: Evidence from field studies in Guatemala.J Am Med Assoc 1970;212: 1685–92
Mata LJ. Malnutrition infection interaction in the tropics.Am J Trop Med Hyg 1975;24: 564–574
Chen LC, Chowdury AKMA, Huffman SL. Anthropometric assessment of energy-protein malnutrition and subsequent risk of mortality among preschool aged children.Am J Clin Nutr 1980;33: 1836–45
Brown KH, Gilman RH, Gaffer A et al. Infections associated with severe protein calorie malnutrition in hospitalized infants and children.Nutr Res 1981;1: 33–46
Martens EJ, Meredith HV. Illness history and physical growth. Correlation in junior primary children followed from fall to spring.Am J Dis Child 1942;64: 618–30
Cahn A, Roche AF. The influence of illness and calcium intake on rate of skeletal maturation in children.Br J Nutr 1961;15: 411–417
Hewett D, Westropp CK, Acheson RM. Effect of childish ailments on skeletal development.Br J Prev Soc Med 1955;9: 179
Martinez F, Weidenslaufer A. Diarrhoeas cronicas del prescolar. Sindrome de mala absorcoin, primera parte, Generalidades y etiopatogenia.Rev Chil Pediatr 1963;34: 1
Waterlow J, Vergara A.Protein malnutrition in Brazil. Rome, FAO, Nutritional studies 1956; No. 14
Venkatachalam PS, Srikantia SG, Gopalan C. Clinical features of nutritional oedema syndrome in children.Indian J Med Res 1954;42: 555–568
Martolell R, Habitcht JP, Yarbrough C, Lechtig, Klein RE, Western KA. Acute morbidity and physical growth in rural Guatemalan children.Am J Dis Child 1975;129: 1296–301
Rowland MGM, Cole TJ, Whitehead RG. A quantitative study into the role of infection in determining nutritional status in Gambian village children.Br J Nutr 1977;37: 441–450.
Pretorius PJ, Davel JGA, Coetzee JN. Some observations on the development of kwashiorkor. A study of 205 cases.South African Med J 1956;30: 396
Jayalakshmi VT, Gopalan C. Nutrition and tuberculosis. An epidemiological study.Indian J Med Res 1958;46: 87–92
Morley DC. Measles in Nigeria.Am J Dis Child 1962;103: 230–33
Bhaskaram P, Reddy V, Raj S, Bhatnagar RC. Effect of measles on the nutritional status of preschool children.J Trop Med Hyg 1984;87: 21–26
Salomon JB, Mata LJ, Gordon JE. Malnutrition and the common communicable diseases of childhood in rural Guatemala.Am J Public Health 1968;58: 505–516
Jelliffe DB. Clinical notes on kwashiorkor in Western Nigeria.Am J Trop Med 1953;56: 104
Bray B. Nitrogen metabolism in West African children.Br J Nutr 1953;7: 3–13
National Institute of Nutrition. Effect of ascariasis and deworming on the nutritional status of children.Ann Rep 1980; p. 78
Scrimshaw NS, Wilson D, Bressani R. Infection and kwashiorkor.J Trop Pediatr 1960;6: 37–43
Johnston JA. Nutritional studies on adolescent girls and their relation to tuberculosis, Springgield III. Thomas, 1953
Co Tui Fw, Kuo NH, Schmidt L. The protein status in pulmonary tuberculosis.Am J Clin Nutr 1954;2: 252–264
Rao BSN, Gopalan C. Nutrition and tuberculosis II. Studies on nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus metabolism in tuberculosis.Indian J Med Res 1958;46: 93–103
Venkatachalam PS, Patwardhan VN. The role of Ascaris lumbricoides in the nutrition of the host. Effect of ascariasis on digestion of protein.Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 1953;47: 169–175
Belfrage S. Plasma protein pattern in course of acute infectious disease.Acta Med Scand 1963;173: (suppl) 395; 1–169
Mansharamani RK. Serum electrophoretic pattern in measles.Indian J Child Health 1961;10: 581–587
Giuliani G. The serum protein electrophoretic picture in measles.Minerva Med 1963;54: 3449
Porkitt EM. Effect of measles on plasma albumin in Ugandan village children.Lancet 1971;2: 68–74
Reddy V, Bhaskaram P, Raghuramulu N, et al. Relationship between measles malnutrition and blindness: a prospective study in children.Am J Clin Nutr 1986;45: Jan
National Institute of Nutrition. Measles and malnutrition.Ann Rep 1985; p 64–70
Coovadia HM, Wesley A, Brain P, Henderson LG, Hallett, AF, Vos GH. Immunoparesis and outcome in measles.Lancet 1977;1: 619–621
Bhaskaram P, Raj S, Reddy V. Effect of measles on cell mediated immunity.Indian J Med Res 1983;77: 83–86
Phillips I, Wharton BA. Acute bacterial infection in kwashiorkor and marasmus.Br Med J 1968;1: 407–409
Smythe PM, Schontan M, Breeton Stiles G, et al. Thymolymphatic deficiency and depresslon of cell mediated immunity in protein calorie malnutrition.Lancet 1971;2: 939–943
Hughes WT, Price RA, Sisko F, et al. Protein calorie malnutrition: A host determinant for pneumocystis carinii infection.Am J Dis Child 1974;128: 44–52
Templeton AC. Generalized herpes simplex in malnourished children.J Clin Pathol 1970;23: 24
Purtilo DT, Connor DH. Fatal infections in protein calorie malnourished children with thymolymphatic atrophy.Arch Dis Child 1975;50: 149–152
Che LC, Huq E, Huffman SL. Prospective study of the risk of diarrhoeal diseases according to the nutritional status of children.Am J Epidemiol 1981;114: 284–292
Reddy V. Relationship between diarrhoea and malnutrition.Indian J Pediatr 1985;52: 463–467
Ghai OP, Jaiswal VN. Relationship of undernutrition to diarrhoea in infants and children.Indian J Med Res 1970;58: 789–795
Bhaskaram P, Madhusudan J, Radhakrishna KV, Reddy V. Immune response in malnourished children with measles.J Trop Ped 1986;32: 123–126
Balch HH, Spencer MT. Phagocytosis by human leukocytes. II Relation of nutritional deficiency in man to phagocytosis.J Clin Invest 1954;33: 1321–28
Tejada C, Arrgueta V, Sanchez M, Albertazzi C. Phagocytic and alkaline phosphatase activity of leukocytes in kwashiorkor.J Pediatr 1964;64: 753–761
Seth V, Chandra RK. Opsonic activity, phagogocytosis and intracellular bactericidal capacity of polymorphs in undernutrition.Arch Dis Child 1972;47: 282–284
Selvaraj RJ, Bhat KS. Metabolic and bacetricidal activities of leukocytes in protein-calorie malnutrition.Am J Clin Nutr 1972;25: 166–174
Selvaraj RJ, Bhat KS. Phagocytosis and leukocyte enzymes in protein calorie malnutrition.Biochem J 1972;127: 255–259
Shilotri PG. Hydrogen peroxide production by leukocytes in protein-calorie malnutrition.Clin Chim Acta 1976;71: 511–514
Reddy V, Jagadeesan V, Raghuramulu N, Bhaskaram C, Srikantia, SG. Functional significance of growth retardation in malnutrition.Am J Clin Nutr 1976;29: 3–7
Bhaskaram P, Satyanarayana K., Sivaprasad J, Jagadeesan V, Naidu AN, Reddy V. Effect of growth retardation in early life on immunocompetence in later life.Indian J Med Res 1980;72: 519–526
Mohan Ram M, Reddy V, Misra S. Lysozyme activity in plasma and leukocytes in malnourished children.Br J Nutr 1974;32: 313–316
Najjar SS, Stephan M, Asfour RY. Serum levels of immunoglobulins in marasmic infants.Arch Dis Child 1969;44: 120–123
Rosen EV, Geefhuysen J, Ipp I. Immunoglobulin levels in protein calorie malnutrition.South African Med J 1971;45: 980–82
Chandra RK, Chandra S, Gupta S. Antibody affinity and immune complexes after immunization with tetanus toxiod in protein-energy malnutrition.Am J Clin Nutr 1984;40: 131–134
Bhaskaram P, Madhusudan J, Radhakrishna KV, Raj S. Immunological response to measles vaccination in poor communities.Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1986;40c: 295–300
Brown RE, Katz M. Antigenic stimulation in undernourished children.East African Med J 1965;42: 221–232
Jose DG, Welch JS, Doherty RL. Humoral and cellular immune responses to streptococci, influenza and other antigens in Australian aboriginal school children.Anstralian Pediatr J 1970;6: 192
Reddy V, Raghuramulu N, Bhaskaram C. Secretory IgA in protein-calorie malnutrition.Arch Dis Child 1976;51: 871–874
Chandra RK. Reduced serum and secretory antibody response to live attenuated measles and poliovirus vaccines in malnourished children.Br Med J 1975;28: 583–585
Jagadeesan V, Reddy V. Serum complement levels in malnourished children.Indian J Med Res 1979;70: 745–749
Neuman CG, Lawlor GJ, Stein ER, et al. Immunological responses in malnourished children.Am J Clin Nutr 1975;2: 89–104
Sirisinha S, Suskinod R, Edelman R, Charupatana C, Olson RE. Complement and C3 proactivator levels in children with proteincalorie malnutrition and effect of dietary treatment.Lancet 1973;1: 1016–1020
Vint FN. Postmortem findings in the natives of Kenya.East African Med J 1937;13: 332
Watts T. Thymus weights in malnourished children.J Trop Pediatr 1969;15: 155–158
Bhaskaram C, Reddy V. Cell mediated immunity in proteincalorie malnutrition.J Trop Ped Environ Child Health 1974;20: 284–286
Chandra RK, Neuberne PM. Immunocompetence in undernutrition: In:Nutrition infection and immunity. Mechanism of interaction. New York: Plenum Press, 1977; p 78
Chandra RK, Gupta S, Singh H. Inducer and suppressor T cell subsets in protein energy malnutrition: Analysis by monoclonal antibodies.Nutr Res 1982;2: 21–26
Bhaskaram P, Reddy V. Macrophage and leukocyte migration inhibition factors in kwashiorkor.Indian J Med Res 1982;75: 679–681
Bhaskaram P, Reddy V. Cutaneous inflammatory response in kwashiorkor.Indian J Med Res 1982;76: 849–853
Bhaskaram P. Macrophage function in severe protein energy malnutrition.Indian J Med Res 1980;71: 247–250
Bhaskaram P, Reddy V. Macrophage functions in kwashiorkor.Indian J Pediatr 1982;49: 497–499
Bhaskaram P, Sivakumar B. Interleukin-1 in malnutrition.Arch Dis Child 1986;61: 182–185
Jose DG, Stutman O, Good RA. Long term effects on immune function of early nutritional deprivation.Nature 1973;241: 57–58
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bhaskaram, P. Infections and malnutrition among poor children. Indian J Pediatr 54, 535–545 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02749048
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02749048