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Characterization of gas bubbles injected into molten metals under laminar flow conditions

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Abstract

Velocity and volume measurements of gas bubbles injected into liquid metals under laminar flow conditions (at the orifice) have been achieved. A novel experimental approach utilizing noises generated by bubbles was used to collect the necessary data. Argon gas was bubbled through tin, lead, and copper melts, and gas bubble formation frequencies (and hence bubble sizes) were determined. It was found that the bubble size generated for a particular orifice diameter was dependent upon the magnitudes of the orifice Froude and Weber numbers. Maximum formation frequencies increased slightly with decreasing orifice diameter, and the transition point from varying to constant frequency occurred at an orifice Weber number of approximately 0.44. Velocities of gas bubbles rising through the metals were greater than those previously reported for studies in which only one bubble was in the melt at any time. Effective drag coefficients of the rising bubbles were found to agree with data previously generated in aqueous systems.

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Abbreviations

C D :

effective drag coefficient, 4gdb[3u2 b]−1

d b :

gas bubble diameter, cm,

d o :

orifice diameter, cm,

F :

bubble formation frequency, s−1,

g :

gravitational constant, cm s−2,

’h :

adjusted melt depth, cm,

N Reo :

orifice Reynolds number,d ovo[vg]1,

N Fro :

orifice Froude number, v2 o[gdo −1,

N weo :

orifice Weber number, dov2 opg[σ]−1,

N Reb :

bubble Reynolds number, dbub[vL]−1,

N Frb :

bubble Froude number, pgv2 b [(pl-Pg)gdb]−1,

N web :

bubble Weber number, dbu2bpL[σ]−1

N mo :

liquid phase Morton number, gμ4L[pLσ3]−1,

Qt :

gas flowrate at temperature, cm3 s−1

S b :

center to center spacing of bubbles in melt, cm

t r :

residence time of gas bubble in melt, s

u b :

gas bubble velocity in melt, cm s−1

v o :

gas velocity at orifice, cm s−1

V g :

kinematic viscosity of gas, cm2 s−1

vL :

kinematic viscosity of liquid, cm2 s−1

σ :

surface tension, dyne cm−1

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Paul D. Merica Research Laboratory, International Nickel Inc., 10901, Sterling Forest, NY

    R. J. Andreini (Research Metallurgist)

  2. Michigan Technological University, 49931, Houghton, MI

    J. S. Foster (Professor, Department of Metallurgical Engineering) & R. W. Callen (Research Economist, Institute of Minerals Research)

Authors
  1. R. J. Andreini
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  2. J. S. Foster
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  3. R. W. Callen
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Additional information

R. J. ANDREINI, Formerly Graduate Student, Michigan Technological University,

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Andreini, R.J., Foster, J.S. & Callen, R.W. Characterization of gas bubbles injected into molten metals under laminar flow conditions. Metall Trans B 8, 625–631 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02669340

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