References
Hasan, H. andMason, P. (1978) Pulse propagation in muscle.Phys. in Med. & Biol.,23, 917–927.
Hatta, I., Sugi, H. andTamura, Y. (1988) Stiffness changes in frog skeletal muscle during contraction recorded using ultrasonic waves.J. Physiol.,403, 193–209.
JISC (1988) Radiation safety standards for laser products (JIS C 6802). Japanese Industrial Standards Committee, Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo, p. 3.
Kato, M., Murakami, S. andMatsumoto, G. (1980) Measurement of stiffness of mammalian muscle by a newly developed instrument.Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol.,49, 203–206.
Lambe, T. W. andWhitman, R. V. (1979)Soil mechanics, SI version. John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chap. 14, 212–216.
Mason, P. (1978) Dy8namic stiffness and crossbridge action in muscle.Biophys. Struct. Mechanism,4, 15–25.
Schade, H. (1926) Gewebselastometrie zu klinischem und allgemeinärztlichem Gebrauch.Münch. Med. Wschr.,73, 2241–2246.
Weiss, L. W. andClark, F. C. (1985) The use of B-mode ultrasound for measuring subcutaneous fat thickness on the upper arms.Res. Q. for Exerc. & Sport,56, 77–81.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Horikawa, M., Ebihara, S., Sakai, F. et al. Non-invasive measurement method for hardness in muscular tissues. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 31, 623–627 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02441811
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02441811