Analysis of individual differences in multidimensional scaling via an n-way generalization of “Eckart-Young” decomposition
- J. Douglas Carroll,
- Jih-Jie Chang
- … show all 2 hide
Rent the article at a discount
Rent now* Final gross prices may vary according to local VAT.
Get AccessAbstract
An individual differences model for multidimensional scaling is outlined in which individuals are assumed differentially to weight the several dimensions of a common “psychological space”. A corresponding method of analyzing similarities data is proposed, involving a generalization of “Eckart-Young analysis” to decomposition of three-way (or higher-way) tables. In the present case this decomposition is applied to a derived three-way table of scalar products between stimuli for individuals. This analysis yields a stimulus by dimensions coordinate matrix and a subjects by dimensions matrix of weights. This method is illustrated with data on auditory stimuli and on perception of nations.
- Bloxom, B. (1968) Individual differences in multidimensional scaling. Educational Testing Service, Princeton, N. J.
- Bricker, P. D. & Pruzansky, S. A comparison of sorting and pair-wise similarity judgment techniques for scaling auditory stimuli. Unpublished manuscript, Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1970.
- Bricker, P. D., Pruzansky, S., & McDermott, B. J. Recovering spatial information from subjects' clusterings of auditory stimuli. Paper presented at the meeting of The Psychonomic Society, St. Louis, October–November 1968.
- Carroll, J. D. Individual differences and multidimensional scaling. In R. N. Shepard, A. K. Romney, and S. Nerlove (Eds.)Multidimensional Scaling: Theory and Applications in the Behavioral Sciences. 1971, in press.
- Carroll, J. D. & Wish, M. Multidimensional scaling of individual differences in perception and judgment. Unpublished manuscript, Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1970.
- Carroll, J. D. & Chang, J. J. A “quasi-nonmetric” version of INDSCAL, a procedure for individual differences multidimensional scaling. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychometric Society, Stanford, March, 1970.
- Cliff, N. (1968) The ‘idealized individual’ interpretation of individual differences in multidimensional scaling. Psychometrika 33: pp. 225-232 CrossRef
- Eckart, C., Young, G. (1936) The approximation of one matrix by another of lower rank. Psychometrika 1: pp. 211-218 CrossRef
- Green, P. E. & Carmone, F. Stimulus context and task effects on individuals' similarities judgments. In C. W. King & D. Tigert (Eds).Attitude research reaches new heights. American Marketing Association, 1971, in press.
- Green, P. E. & Morris, T. W. Individual difference models in multidimensional scaling: an empirical comparison. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pennsylvania, 1969.
- Green, P. E. & Rao, V. R. Dissimilarities data-disaggregate analysis. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pennsylvania (Chapter 3 of monograph, in preparation, entitled:User's guide to multidimensional scaling: A comparison of approaches and algorithms), 1970.
- Horan, C. B. (1969) Multidimensional scaling: combining observations when individuals have different perceptual structures. Psychometrika 34: pp. 139-165 CrossRef
- Kruskal, J. B. How to use MDSCAL, a program to do multidimensional scaling and multidimensional unfolding. Unpublished report, Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1968.
- Lyttkens, E. On the fix-point property of Wold's iterative estimation method for principal components. In: Krishnaiah, P. R. eds. (1966) Multivariate analysis. Academic Press, New York, pp. 335-350
- McGee, V. E. (1968) Multidimensional scaling of N sets of similarity measures: A nonmetric individual differences approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research 3: pp. 233-248
- Rao, V. R. The salience of price in the perception and evaluation of product quality: A multidimensional measurement model and experimental test. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1970.
- Ross, J. (1966) A remark on Tucker and Messick's “points of view” analysis. Psychometrika 31: pp. 27-31
- Shepard, R. N. (1966) Metric structures in ordinal data. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 3: pp. 287-315 CrossRef
- Torgerson, W. S. (1958) Theory and methods of scaling. Wiley, New York
- Tucker, L. The extension of factor analysis to three-dimensional matrices. In: Frederiksen, N., Gulliksen, H. eds. (1964) Contributions to mathematical psychology. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, pp. 109-127
- Tucker, L. R. (1966) Some mathematical notes on three-mode factor analysis. Psychometrika 31: pp. 279-311
- Tucker, L. R., Messick, S. (1963) An individual difference model for multidimensional scaling. Psychometrika 28: pp. 333-367 CrossRef
- Wish, M. Comparisons among multidimensional structures of nations based on different measures of subjective similarity. In A. Rapoport (Ed.), General Systems, Vol. 15, 1970, in press (a).
- Wish, M. Individual differences in perceived similarity and friendship of nations. Submitted to Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. (b).
- Wish, M. Individual differences in perceptions and preferences among nations. In C. W. King & D. Tigert (Eds).Attitude research reaches new heights, American Marketing Association, 1971, in press.
- Wish, M., Deutsch, M. & Biener, L. Differences in perceived similarity of nations. In R. N. Shepard, A. K. Romney & S. Nerlove (Eds).Multidimensional scaling: Theory and applications in the behavioral sciences, 1971, in press.
- Wold, H. Estimation of principal components and related models by iterative least squares. In: Krishnaiah, P. R. eds. (1966) Multivariate analysis. Academic Press, New York, pp. 391-420
- Young, F. W., Torgerson, W. S. (1967) TORSCA, a FORTRAN IV program for Shepard-Kruskal multidimensional scaling analysis. Behavioral Science 12: pp. 498-498
- Title
- Analysis of individual differences in multidimensional scaling via an n-way generalization of “Eckart-Young” decomposition
- Journal
-
Psychometrika
Volume 35, Issue 3 , pp 283-319
- Cover Date
- 1970-09-01
- DOI
- 10.1007/BF02310791
- Print ISSN
- 0033-3123
- Online ISSN
- 1860-0980
- Publisher
- Springer-Verlag
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
-
- J. Douglas Carroll (1)
- Jih-Jie Chang (1)
- Author Affiliations
-
- 1. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey