Skip to main content
Log in

Microradiographic evaluation of bone from cows with experimental hypervitaminosis D, diet-induced hypocalcemia, and naturally occurring parturient paresis

  • Original Papers
  • Published:
Calcified Tissue Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Microradiographic and histologic evaluation of cortical and trabecular bone revealed a low turnover in cows which developed a syndrome of profound hypocalcemia and paresis near parturition. Trabecular and Haversian surfaces appeared inactive and were similar to sections from nonlactating-nonpregnant cows. The inactive surfaces were smooth and bordered by a zone of increased radiodensity. The failure of osteoclastic response was not due to the accumulation of osteoid along trabecular and Haversian surfaces. Lactation was associated with a threefold increase in resorption of trabecular bone at 7 to 10 days postpartum in control cows.

Feeding a calcium-deficient diet to cows for 30 days resulted in a significant hypocalcemia and a twofold increase in bone resorption. The addition of pharmacologic doses of vitamin D (30 million units daily) from the 20th to 30th day of feeding the calcium-deficient diet further increased bone resorption (approximately fivefold), primarily along trabecular surfaces. The added vitamin D prevented hypocalcemia but did not produce a detectable hypercalcemia. Similar levels of vitamin D administered for 3 to 10 days to cows with a normal calcium and phosphorus intake resulted in hypercalcemia and numerous resorption spaces in cortical bone. Vitamin D appeared to be more effective than calcium-deficient diets in influencing calcium homeostasis by altering skeletal metabolism in adult cows.

Résumé

Une étude microradiographique et histologique de l'os cortical et spongieux a permis de mettre en évidence des remaniements peu profonds chez des vaches, présentant une sévère hypocalcémie et des parésies peu avant la mise à bas. Les surfaces de l'os spongieux et haversien apparaissent inactives et identiques à des coupes de vaches non pleines ou ne fournissant pas de lait. Les surfaces inactives sont lisses et bordées par une zone de radiodensité augmentée. L'absence de réponse ostéoclastique n'est pas due à l'accumulation de tissu ostéoide le long des surfaces d'os haversien et spongieux. La lactation est associée à une augmentation triple de la résorption de l'os spongieux de 7 à 10 jours post-partum chez les vaches témoins.

En soumettant les vaches à un régime pauvre en calcium pendant 30 jours, on observe une hypocalcémie significative et une augmentation double de la résorption osseuse. L'adjonction de doses pharmacologiques de vitamine D (30 millions d'unités par jour), du 20ème au 30ème jour de l'administration du régime pauvre en calcium provoque une résorption osseuse additionnelle (environ quintuplée), surtout à la surface de l'os spongieux. L'adjonction de vitamine D empêche le développement de l'hypocalcémie, mais ne produit pas une hypercalcémie décelable. Des concentrations identiques de vitamine D, administrées, pendant 3 à 10 jours, à des vaches, ingérant du calcium et du phosphore à doses normales, provoquent une hypercalcémie et des lacunes de résorption de l'os cortical. La vitamine D semble plus efficace que les régimes pauvres en calcium pour agir sur l'homéostasie du calcium, en modifiant le métabolisme squelettique des vaches adultes.

Zusammenfassung

Durch mikroradiographische und histologische Bestimmungen des kortikalen und trabekulären Knochens konnte ein niedriger Knochenumsatz bei Kühen nachgewiesen werden, die kurz vor dem Kalbern ein Syndrom von schwerer Hypocalcaemie und Parese entwickelten. Die trabekulären und Haversschen Oberflächen schienen inaktiv und sahen Schnitten von nicht säugenden und nicht trächtigen Kühen ähnlich. Die inaktiven Oberflächen waren glatt und von einer Zone erhöhter Röntgendichte umgeben. Der Ausfall der Osteoklastenreaktion beruhte nicht auf einer Anhäufung von Osteoid längs der trabekulären und Haversschen Oberflächen. Während der Laktation nahm die Resorption des trabekulären Knochens vom siebten bis zum zehnten Tag postpartum bei Kontrollkühen um das Dreifache zu.

Wurden die Kühe während 30 Tagen mit einer calciumarmen Diät gefüttert, so entstanden eine signifikante Hypocalcaemie und eine zweifache Zunahme der Knochenresorption. Wurde vom 20. bis 30. Tag der calciumarmen Diätperiode Vitamin D in pharmakologischen Dosen (30 Millionen Einheiten pro Tag) zugesetzt, so erhöhte sich die Knochenresorption noch mehr (ungefähr um das Fünffache), vor allem längs der trabekulären Oberflächen. Das zugesetzte Vitamin D verhinderte die Bildung einer Hypocalcaemie, verursachte jedoch keine nachweisbare Hypercalcaemie. Gleiche Vitamin D-Dosen, die während 3 bis 10 Tagen an Kühe mit einer normalen Calcium- und Phosphateinnahme abgegeben wurden, verursachten eine Hypercalcaemie und zahlreiche Resorptionsräume im kortikalen Knochen. Es scheint, daß Vitamin D wirksamer ist als eine calciumarme Diät in der Beeinflussung der Calciumhomöostase durch Veränderung des Skelettmetabolismus bei ausgewachsenen Kühen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bélanger, L. F., Clark, I.: Alpharadiographic and histological observations on the skeletal effects of hypervitaminosis A and D in the rat. Anat. Rec.158, 443–451 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bélanger, L. F., Rasmussen, H.: Inhibition of osteocytic osteolysis by thyrocalcitonin and some anti-growth factors. In: Parathyroid hormone and thyrocalcitonin (Talmage, R. V., Bélanger, L. F., eds.), p. 156–168. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Found 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bélanger, L. F., Robichon, J., Migicovsky, B. B., Copp, D. H., Vincent, J.: Resorption without osteoclasts (osteolysis). In: Mechanisms of hard tissue destruction (Sognnaes, R. F., ed.). Washington, D. C., Amer. Ass. Advanc. Sci., Publ. No 75, p. 531–556 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, H. E., Capen, C. C.: Urinary and plasma hydroxyproline during pregnancy, parturition and lactation in cows with parturient hypocalcemia. Metabolism20, 337–343 (1971).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boda, J. M., Cole, H. H.: The influence of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the incidence of milk fever in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci.37, 360–372 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Capen, C. C.: Fine structural alterations of parathyroid glands in response to experimental and spontaneous changes of calcium in extracellular fluids. Amer. J. Med.50, 598–611 (1971).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capen, C. C., Young, D. M.: Thyrocalcitonin: Evidence for release in a spontaneous hypocalcemic disorder. Science157, 205–206 (1967a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Capen, C. C., Young, D. M.: The ultrastructure of the parathyroid glands and thyroid parafollicular cells of cows with parturient paresis and hypocalcemia. Lab. Invest.17, 717–737 (1967b).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capen, C. C., Young, D. M.: Fine structural alterations in thyroid parafollicular cells of cows in response to experimental hypercalcemia induced by vitamin D. Amer. J. Path.57, 365–382 (1969).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Care, A. D., Bates, R. F. L., Phillippo, M., Lequin, R. M., Hacking, W. H. L., Barlet, J. P., LaVor, P.: Stimulation of calcitonin release from bovine thyroid by calcium and glucagon. J. Endocr.48, 667–668 (1970).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson, A.: Tracer experiments on the effect of vitamin D on the skeletal metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. Acta physiol. scand.26, 212–220 (1952).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erb, R. E., Randel, R. D., Mellin, T. N., Estergreen, V. L., Jr.: Urinary estrogen secretion rates during pregnancy in the bovine. J. Dairy Sci.51, 416–419 (1968).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, C. H., Subbarow, Y.: The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. J. biol. Chem.66, 375 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ham, A. W., Lewis, M. D.: Hypervitaminosis D rickets, the action of vitamin D. Brit. J. exp. Path.15, 228–234 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hibbs, J. W., Conrad, H. R.: Studies on milk fever in dairy cows. VI. Effects of three prepartal dosage levels of vitamin D on milk fever incidence. J. Dairy Sci.43, 1124–1129 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jowsey, J.: Bone in parathyroid disorders in man. In: Parathyroid hormone and thyrocalcitonin (Talmage, R. V. and Bélanger, L. F., eds.), p. 137–155. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Found 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jowsey, J., Kelly, P. J., Riggs, B. L., Bianco, A. J., Scholz, D. A., Gershon-Cohen, J.: Quantitative microradiographic studies of normal and osteoporotic bone. J. Bone Jt Surg. A47, 785–806 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jowsey, J., Raisz, L.: Experimental osteoporosis and parathyroid activity. Endocrinology.82, 384–396 (1968).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Littledike, E. T., Arnaud, C. D., Schroeder, L., Jacobson, N. L.: Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and parturient hypocalcemia of dairy cows. Abst. 53rd Meeting of The Endocrine Society, June, 1971, A-67.

  • Littledike, E. T., Whipp, S. C., Schroeder, L.: Studies on parturient paresis. J. Amer. vet. med. Ass.155, 1955–1962 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, G. P., Ramberg, C. F., Kronfeld, D. S., Buckle, R. M., Sherwood, L. M., Aurbach, G. D., Potts, J. T., Jr.: Plasma parathyroid hormone concentration in hypocalcemic parturient cows. Amer. J. vet. Res.30, 1587–1597 (1969).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramberg, C. F., Phang, J. M., Kronfeld, D. S.: A compartmental model of calcium metabolism in cows. In: Parturient hypocalcemia (Anderson, J. J. B., ed.), p. 119–135. New York: Academic Press 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, H., DeLuca, H., Arnaud, C., Hawker, C., Stedink, M. von: The relationship between vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. J. clin. Invest.42, 1940–1946 (1963).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, H., Tenehouse, A.: Thyrocalcitonin, osteoporosis and osteolysis. Amer. J. Med.43, 711–726 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, L., Kelly, P. J., Jowsey, J., Keating, F. R.: Skeletal alterations in hyperparathyroidism: determination of bone formation, resorption and morphologic changes by microradiography. J. clin. Endocr.25, 777–783 (1965).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spurr, A. R.: A low viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy. J. Ultrastruct. Res.26, 31–43 (1969).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storey, E.: Osteosclerosis after intermittent administration of large doses of vitamin D in the rat. J. Bone Jt Surg.42B, 606–625 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, D. M., Capen, C. C.: Thyrocalcitonin biologic assay and ultrastructure of thyroid C-cells of cows with parturient paresis and hypocalcemia. In: Calcitonin: Proceedings of Symposium on Thyrocalcitonin and the C cells (Taylor, S., ed.), p. 180–191. London: Wm. Heinemann Medical Books Ltd. 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, D. M., Capen, C. C.: Thyrocalcitonin content of thyroid glands from cows with vitamin D-induced hypercalcemia. Endocrinology86, 1463–1466 (1970a).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, D. M., Capen, C. C.: Thyrocalcitonin: response to experimental hypercalcemia induced by vitamin D in cows. In: Calcitonin 1969. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium (Taylor, S. and Foster, G. V. eds.), p. 141–153. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1970b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, D. M., Capen, C. C., Black, H. E.: Effect of a calcium deficient diet and vitamin D on thyrocalcitonin in cows. Endocrinology90, 276–281 (1972).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rowland, G.N., Capen, C.C., Young, D.M. et al. Microradiographic evaluation of bone from cows with experimental hypervitaminosis D, diet-induced hypocalcemia, and naturally occurring parturient paresis. Calc. Tis Res. 9, 179–193 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02061956

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02061956

Key words

Navigation