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The sleep/wake rhythm in children with autism

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Abstract

The sleep patterns of two groups of children with autism, one with moderate to severe intellectual handicap, and one with mild handicap to normal IQ level, were compared with those of children without autism. Parents completed 14 day sleep diaries and questionnaires. Results suggested that at some stage during childhood, particularly under 8 years of age, the majority of children with autism will experience sleep problems. These problems are likely to be severe in many cases and will generally include one or more of: extreme sleep latencies; lengthy periods of night waking; shortened night sleep; and early morning waking. Such problems may have some specificity for autism as they appear to be rare in non-handicapped children and in children with mild degrees of intellectual handicap. It is likely that sleep problems in early childhood are related to the severe social difficulties present in autism and the consequent inability of these children to use social cues to synchronise their sleep/wake cycle. Continued sleep difficulties at older ages and with higher IQ may also be related to arousal and anxiety factors.

Résumé

On a comparé les cycles veille-sommeil de deux groupes d'enfants autistes, l'un avec des handicaps intellectuels de modérés à sévères et l'autre avec des handicaps de léger à un QI normal, avec d'enfants non-autistes. Les parents ont tenu des relevés quotidiens et des questionnaires sur 14 jours de sommeil. Les résultats ont suggéré qu'à certaines périodes de l'enfance, surtout à l'âge de 8 ans, la majorité des enfants autistes souffrent des troubles de sommeil. Ces troubles apparaissent sévères dam de nombreux cas et sont faits le plus souvent d'un ou plusieurs troubles tels que: latences extrêmes du sommeil; périodes de réveils nocturnes prolongées; sommeil nocturne plus bref et réveil matinal très tôt; de tels problèmes peuvent être particuliers à l'autisme, parce qu'ils semblent être rares chez les enfants non-handicapés et chez les enfants avec des handicaps intellectuels légers. Les troubles du sommeil qui apparaissent tôt dans l'enfance sont probablement liés aux difficultés sociales sévères qu'on trouve dans l'autisme et à l'incapacité consécutive de ces enfants à utiliser les signaux sociaux afin de synchroniser leurs cycles veille-sommeil. Les troubles du sommeil continus chez les plus âgés et avec un QI plus élevé peuvent aussi être liés à des facteurs de vigilance et d'anxiété.

Zusammenfassung

Die Schlafmuster zweier Gruppen von Kindern mit Autismus wurden verglichen mit den Mustern von Kindern ohne Autismus. Die eine Gruppe mit Autismus umfaßte Kinder mit mäßiger bis hin zu schwerer intellektueller Beeinträchtigung, die andere hingegen Kinder mit leichter intellektueller Beeinträchtigung oder einem IQ im Durchschnittsbereich. Die Eltern füllten Schlaftagebücher und Fragebögen über einen Zeitraum von 14 Tagen aus. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, daß die Mehrzahl der Kinder mit Autismus in irgendeiner Entwicklungsphase während der Kindheit (besonders im Altersbereich von unter 8 Jahren) Schlafstörungen aufweisen. Diese Schlafstörungen sind in vielen Fällen schwerwiegend und umfassen in der Regel eines oder mehrere der folgenden Merkmale: extreme Schlaflatenzen, lang anhaltende Wachperioden, verkürzter Nachtschlaf und frühes morgendliches Erwachen. Solche Störungen könnten in gewisser Weise spezifisch für Autismus sein, da sie nur selten bei nicht-behinderten Kindern bzw. bei Kindern mit leichten intellektuellen Beeinträchtigungen vorzukommen scheinen. Es erscheint wahrscheinlich, daß Schlafstörungen in der frühen Kindheit im Zusammenhang mit den schwerwiegenden sozialen Auffälligkeiten stehen, die beim Autismus vorkommen und mit der Unfähigkeit dieser Kinder, sich bei der Synchronisation ihres Schlaf-Wachzyklus an Hinweisen aus ihrem sozialen Umfeld zu orientieren. Fortbestehende Schlafstörungen bei älteren Individuen, die zugleich einen höheren IQ haben, können auch auf Angst- bzw. Erregungsfaktoren zurückgeführt werden.

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Richdale, A.L., Prior, M.R. The sleep/wake rhythm in children with autism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 4, 175–186 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01980456

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