Summary
Unlike astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, microglia are extremely plastic making them the chameleon among the glial cells in the CNS. This great mutability of the microglial cell shape suggests the presence of an elaborate cytoskeleton which is demonstrated here by applying a new ultrastructural method. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry shows the presence of vimentin at intermediate filament sites in reactive microglia stimulated by rat facial nerve axotomy. It is suggested that vimentin-expression may serve as a marker for activated states of microglia, including brain macrophages.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bignami, A., Eng, L. F., Dahl, D. &Uyeda, C. T. (1972) Localization of the glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocytes by immunofluorescence.Brain Research 43, 429–35.
Blinzinger, K. &Kreutzberg, G. (1968) Displacement of synaptic terminals from regenerating motoneurons by microglial cells.Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie 85, 145–57.
Cammermeyer, J. (1965) Juxtavascular karyokinesis and microglia cell proliferation during retrograde reaction in the mouse facial nucleus.Ergebnisse der Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte 38, 1–22.
Causton, B. E. (1984) The choice of resins for electron immunocytochemistry. InImmunolabelling for Electron Microscopy (edited byPolar, J. M. &Varndell, I. M.), pp. 29–36. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Dickson, D. W. (1986) Multinucleated giant cells in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome encephalopathy.Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 110, 967–8.
Duchen, L. W. (1984) General pathology of neurons and neuroglia. InGreenfield's Neuropathology (edited byAdams, J. H., Corsellis, J. A. N. &Duchen, L. W.), pp. 1–52. London: Edward Arnold.
Franke, W. W., Schmid, E., Grund, C. &Geiger, B. (1982) Intermediate filament proteins in nonfilamentous structures: transient disintegration and inclusion of subunit proteins in granular aggregates.Cell 30, 103–13.
Frei, K., Siepl, C., Groscurth, P., Bodmer, S., Schwerdel, C. &Fontana, A. (1987) Antigen presentation and tumor cytotoxicity by interferon-γ-treated microglial cells.European Journal of Immunology 17, 1271–8.
Geiger, B. (1987) Intermediate filaments: looking for a function.Nature 329, 392–3.
Giulian, D. (1987) Ameboid microglia as effectors of inflammation in the central nervous system.Journal of Neuroscience Research 18, 155–71.
Goto, M., Meyermann, R. &Wekerle, H. (1987) Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry of glia cells: double labeling studies using LR White embedding and colloidal gold.Histochemistry 87, 201–7.
Graeber, M. B. &Kreutzberg, G. W. (1985) Immunogold staining (IGS) for electron microscopical demonstration of glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protien in LR White embedded tissue.Histochemistry 83, 497–500.
Graeber, M. B. &Kreutzberg, G. W. (1986) Astrocytes increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein during retrograde changes of facial motor neurons.Journal of Neurocytology 15, 363–73.
Graeber, M. B. &Kreutzberg, G. W. (1988) Delayed astrocyte reaction following facial nerve axotomy.Journal of Neurocytology 17, (in press).
Graebber, M. B., Streit, W. J. &Kreutzberg, G. W. (1988a) Axotomy of the rat facial nerve leads to increased CR3 complement receptor expression by activated microglial cells.Journal of Neuroscience Research, (in press).
Graeber, M. B., Tetzlaff, W., Streit, W. J. &Kreutzberg, G. W. (1988b) Microglial cells but not astrocytes undergo mitosis following rat facial nerve axotomy.Neuroscience Letters 85, 317–21.
Kreutzberg, G. W. (1966) Autoradiographische Untersuchung über die Beteiligung von Gliazellen an der axonalen Reaktion im Facialiskern der Ratte.Acta neuropathologica (Berlin) 7, 149–61.
Kreutzberg, G. W. (1968) Über perineuronale Mikrogliazellen (autoradiographische Untersuchungen).Acta Neuropathologica (Berlin), Supplement 4, 141–5.
Kreutzberg, G. W. (1987) Microglia. InEncyclopedia of Neuroscience (edited byAdelman, G.), pp. 661–2. Boston: Birkhäuser.
Kreutzberg, G. W. &Baron, K. D. (1978) 5′-nucleotidase of microglial cells in the facial nucleus during axonal reaction.Journal of Neurocytology 7, 601–10.
Matsumoto, Y. &Fujiwara, M. (1987) Absence of donor-type major histocompatibility complex class I antigen-bearing microglia in the rat central nervous system of radiation bone marrow chimeras.Journal of Neuroimmunology 17, 71–82.
Newman, G. R. &Jasani, B. (1984) Post-embedding immunoenzyme techniques. InImmunolabelling for Electron Microscopy (edited byPolak, J. M. &Varndell, I. M.), pp. 53–70. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Osborn, M., Debus, E. &Weber, K. (1984) Monoclonal antibodies specific for vimentin.European Journal of Cell Biology 34, 137–43.
Perry, V. H. &Gordon, S. (1987) Modulation of CD4 antigen on macrophages and microglia in rat brain.Journal of Experimental Medicine 166, 1138–43.
Peters, A., Palay, S. L. &Webster, H. deF. (1976)The Fine Structure of the Nervous System. The Neurons and Supporting Cells, pp. 254–63. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Price, R. W., Brew, B., Sidtis, J., Rosenblum, M., Scheck, A. C. &Cleary, P. (1988 The brain in AIDS: central nervous system HIV-1 infection and AIDS dementia complexScience 239, 586–92.
Rio-Hortega, P. Del (1932) Microglia. InCytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System (edited byPenfield, W.), pp. 481–534. New York: Hoeber.
Schiffer, D., Giordana, M. T., Migheli, A., Giaccone, G., Pezzotta, S. &Mauro, A. (1986) Glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin in the experimental glial reaction of the rat brain.Brain Research 374, 110–8.
Sjöstrand, J. (1965) Proliferative changes in glial cells during nerve regeneration.Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie 68, 481–93.
Streit, W. J. &Kreutzberg, G. W. (1987) Lectin binding by resting and reactive microglia.Journal of Neurocytology 16, 249–60.
Streit, W. J. &Kreutzberg, G. W. (1988) The response of endogenous glial cells to motor neuron degeneration induced by toxic ricin.Journal of Comparative Neurology 268, 248–63.
Streit, W. J., Graeber, M. B. &Kreutzberg, G. W. (1988) Peripheral nerve lesion produces increased levels of MHC antigens in the CNS.Journal of Neuroimmunology, (in press).
Takamiya, Y., Kohsaka, S., Toya, S., Otani, M. &Tsukada, Y. (1988) Immunohistochemical studies on the proliferation of reactive astrocytes and the expression of cytoskeletal proteins following brain injury in rats.Developmental Brain Research 38, 201–10.
Tetzlaff, W., Graeber, M. B., Bisby, M. A. &Kreutzberg, G. W. (1988) Increased glial fibrillary acidic protein synthesis in astrocytes during retrograde reaction of the rat facial nucleus.Glia 1, 90–5.
Vaughn, J. E. &Peters, A. (1968) A third neuroglial cell type: an electron microscopic study.Journal of Comparative Neurology 133, 269–88.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Graeber, M.B., Streit, W.J. & Kreutzberg, G.W. The microglial cytoskeleton: vimentin is localized within activated cellsin situ . J Neurocytol 17, 573–580 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01189811
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01189811