Abstract
In an increasingly global environment, managers face a dilemma when selecting and applying moral values to decisions in cross-cultural settings. While moral values may be similar across cultures (either in different countries or among people within a single country), their application (or ethics) to specific situations may vary. Ethics is the systematic application of moral principles to concrete problems.
This paper addresses the cross-cultural ethical dilemma, proposes a tentative model for conceptualizing cross-cultural ethics, and suggests some ways in which the model may be tested and operationalized.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adler, N.: 1983, ‘Cross-Cultural Management Research: The Ostrich and the Trend’,Academy of Management Review 8(2), 226–232.
Adler, N. J.: 1984,International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior (Kent, Boston).
Akagi, R. H.: 1937,Japan's Foreign Relations, 1542–1936: A Short History (Hokuseido Press, Tokyo).
Arrow, K. J.: 1973, ‘Social Responsibility and Economic Efficiency’Public Policy 21(3), 300–317.
Beasley, W. G.: 1951,Great Britain and the Opening of Japan: 1834–1858 (Luzac & Co., London).
Brady, F. N.: 1985, ‘A Janus-Headed Model of Ethical Theory: Looking Two Ways at Business/Society Issues’,Academy of Management Review 10(3), 568–676.
Buller, P., J. Kohls, and K. Anderson: 1991, ‘The Challenge of Global Ethics’,Journal of Business Ethics 10(10), 767–775.
Cadbury, A.: 1987, ‘Ethical Managers Make Their Own Rules’,Harvard Business Review, September–October, 69–73.
Carroll, A. B. (ed.): 1977,Managing Corporate Social Responsibility (Little, Brown, Boston).
Carry, J. (ed.): 1987,Eyewitness to History (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).
Churchill, L. R.: 1982, ‘The Teaching of Ethics and Moral Values in Teaching: Some Contemporary Confusions’,Journal of Higher Education 53(3), 296–306.
Connor, P. E. and B. W. Becker: 1991, ‘Personal Value Systems and Managerial Decision Styles’, Unpublished Paper presented at Western Academy of Management meetings, Santa Barbara, CA.
Davis, H. J. and S. A. Rasool: 1988, ‘A Reconsideration of England's Values Research in Cross-Cultural Management’, in R. N. Farmer and E. G. McGoun (eds.),Advances in International Comparative Management, Vol. 3 (JAI, Greenwich, CT), pp. 109–126.
De George, R. T.: 1986,Business Ethics 2nd ed. (MacMillan, New York).
Dewey, J.: 1930,Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology (Random House, Modern Library Edition, New York) (Originally published in 1922).
England, G. W.: 1967, ‘Personal Value Systems of American Managers’,Academy of Management Journal (March), 53–68.
England, G. W.: 1975,The Manager and His Values: An International Perspective (Ballinger Publishing Co., Cambridge, MA).
Hofstede, G.: 1980,Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values (Sage Publications, Beverly Hills).
Ishida, H.: 1986, ‘Transferability of Japanese Human Resource Management Abroad’,Human Resource Management 25(1), 103–120.
Kedia, B. L. and R. S. Bhagat: 1988, ‘Cultural Constraints on Transfer of Technology Across Nations: Implications for Research in International and Comparative Management’,Academy of Management Review 13(4), 559–571.
Kim, K. J.: 1988,The Effects of Buddhism on Business Practices and Behavior. Paper presented at the Western Social Science Association meeting, April.
Kroeber, A. L. and C. Kluckhohn: 1952,Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Vol.47(1) (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA).
Kroeber, A. L. and T. Parsons: 1958, ‘The Concept of Culture and Social System’,American Sociological Review 23, 582–583.
Lansing, P. and T. Domeyer: 1989, ‘TheTatamae andHonne of Japan's Internationalization: The Japan — South Africa — Relationship’, Paper presented at the Midwest Business Administration Association meetings, April.
Magnet, M.: 1986, ‘The Decline and Fall of Business Ethics’,Fortune, December 6, 1986, 65–72.
Mann, M. (ed.): 1984,The International Encyclopedia of Sociology (Continuum, New York).
Mulligan, T. M.: 1987, ‘The Two Cultures in Business Education’,Academy of Management Review 12 (4), 593–599.
Napier, N. K. and G. P. Latham: 1987,Enhancing Intercultural Communication in Foreign Subsidiaries in Hong Kong and Singapore, Academy of International Business meetings, November 1987, Chicago, IL.
Owens, J.: 1983, ‘Business Ethics in the College Classroo’,Journal of Business Education (April), 258–262.
Paige, R. M. and J. N. Martin: 1983, ‘Ethical Issues and Ethics in Cross-Cultural Training’, in D. Landis and R. W. Brislin (eds.),Handbook of Intercultural Training, Vol.1 (Pergamon Press, New York), 36–60.
Pascale, R. T.: 1978, ‘Personnel Practices and Employee Attitude: A Study of Japanese and American Managed Firms in the United States’,Human Relations 31(7), 597–615.
Pastin, M.: 1986,The Hard Problems of Management: Gaining the Ethics Edge (Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco).
Rachels, J.: 1986,The Elements of Moral Philosophy (Random House, New York).
Rawls, J.: 1971,A Theory of Justice (The Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA).
Rokeach, M.: 1968,Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values: A Theory of Organization and Change (Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco).
Ross, W. D.: 1930,The Right and the Good (Oxford University Press, London).
Safranski, S. R.: 1986, ‘Religion and Management’, in R. N. Farmer (ed.),Advances in International Comparative Management, Vol.2, pp. 149–158.
Safranski, S. C. and I. Kwon: 1988, ‘Religious Groups and Management Value Systems’, in R. N. Farmer and E. G. McGoun (eds.),Advances in International Comparative Management, Vol.3 (JAI, Greenwich, CT), 171–183.
Scott, W. G. and T. R. Mitchell: 1986, ‘Markets and Morals in Management Education’,Selections, Vol.3(2), 3–8.
Sekaran, U.: 1983, ‘Methodological and Theoretical Issues and Advances in Cross-Cultural Research’,Journal of International Business Studies 14(2), 61–73.
Shaw, W. H. and V. Barry: 1992,Moral Issues in Business, 5th ed (Wadsworth Publishing Co, Belmont, CA).
Singer, M.: 1968, ‘The Concept of Culture’, in D. Sills (ed.),International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (Macmillan and Free Press, New York).
Solomon, R. C. and K. Hanson: 1983,Above the Bottom Line: An Introduction to Business Ethics (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York)
Sturdivant, F. B.: 1985,Business and Society: A Managerial Approach, 3rd ed. (Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, IL).
Tung, R. L.: 1982, ‘Selection and Training Procedures for U.S., European and Japanese Multinationals’,California Management Review 25(1), 57–71.
Taylor, E. B.: 1891,Primitive Culture (John Murray, London).
Velasquez, M. G.: 1988,Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases, 2nd ed. (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.).
Wines, W. A. and J. Wilterding: 1988, ‘Perspectives on Teaching Business Ethics: An Empirical Analysis of Student Attitude Changes Toward Corporate Social Responsibility Over 15 Weeks’,Midwest Law Review 7, 60–79.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
William A. Wines is Professor of Legal Environment and Business Ethics in the Management Department, College of Business, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA. His research interests include business ethics, employment law, and public sector collective bargaining.
Nancy K. Napier is Professor of Management and Chairman of the Management Department, College of Business, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA. Her research interests include international business, mergers and acquisitions, and human resource management.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wines, W.A., Napier, N.K. Toward an understanding of cross-cultural ethics: A tentative model. J Bus Ethics 11, 831–841 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00872361
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00872361