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Paper prepared for the Third International Future Research Conference, Bucharest, 3–11 September 1972. Earlier versions have been presented in lectures on methodology at the University of Essex, University of Oslo and University of Zürich. I am indebted to discussants all places. To some extent the paper is a further development of some of the thoughts presented in the last chapter of the author's Theory and Methods of Social Research, (Norwegian Universities Press, Allen and Unwin, Columbia University Press, 1967). The paper can be identified as PRIO-publication No. M-13 from the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo.
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Galtung, J. Empiricism, criticism, constructivism. Synthese 24, 343–372 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00413652
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00413652