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Anal fistulas in Crohn's disease: Incidence and outcome of surgical treatment

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Abstract

The incidence and prognosis of anal fistulas were investigated in a prospective study comprising 136 patients operated on for Crohn's disease. The incidence of anal fistulas was 27 of 136 (20%), in patients with classical disease 12 of 68 (18%), and in those with Crohn's colitis 15 of 68 (22%). A fistula preceded the intestinal manifestation of the disease in 6 patients. At the time of diagnosis of Crohn's disease anal fistulas were observed in 19 cases, including 3 of the 6 with early onset which had resisted treatment and remained active. Five patients developed anal lesions during the course of the disease, all but 2 in temporal relationship to an intestinal recurrence. Of the 27 patients with anal fistulas, 11 were of the low-anal type, whereas 14 were anorectal. Conventional laying open of the fistula was undertaken in all patients with classical Crohn's disease in close conjunction with resection of the intestinal disease. On local surgical treatment 10 of 12 (89%) healed with preservation of continence. Four recurrent fistulas occurring in conjunction with intestinal recurrence also healed uneventfully. Laying open was undertaken in 11 of the 15 patients with colitis. Healing was obtained in only 4 of these patients. In the remaining 4 severe colitis indicated immediate proctocolectomy. Occurrence of fistulas involved a significant delay in perineal healing after proctectomy. It is concluded that traditional laying open of an anal fistula in patients with classical Crohn's disease is followed by high rate of uneventful healing. In contrast, local surgical treatment of anal fistulas complicating Crohn's colitis is usually unsuccessful. These patients are generally suffering more from the intestinal disease than from the fistula and should probably be offered proctocolectomy at an early stage.

Résumé

L'incidence et le pronostic des fistules anale ont été étudiés par une étude prospective comprenant 136 malades opérés pour maladie de Crohn. L'incidence de fistule anale était de 27/136 cas (20%) soit 12/68 chez des patients avec une maladie classique (18%) et 15/68 (22%) chez les malades qui avaient une colite de Crohn. Une fistule a prócédé la manifestation intestinale de la maladie chez 6 malades. A l'époque du diagnostic de maladie de Crohn, une fistule anale a été observée chez 19 malades comprenant 3 des 6 avec un début précoce ayant résistés au traitement, et demeurant active. 5 patients ont developpé des lésions anales durant l'evolution de la maladie, tous sauf 2 ont une relation de temps avec une récidive intestinale. Des 27 malades avec fistule anale, 11 étaient anales basses tandis que 14 étaient ano-rectales. Une mise à plat conventionnelle de la fistule a été réalisée chez tous les patients avec une maladie de Crohn classique en étroite conjonction avec la résection de la maladie intestinale. 10/12 ont cicatrisé localement après traitement chirurgical local (89%) avec préservation de la continence. 4 fistules récidivantes survenant conjointement à une récidive intestinale ont aussi guéri sans problème. La mise à plat a été réalisée chez 11 des 15 patients avec une colite. La cicatrisation fût seulement obtenues chez 4 de ces malades. Chez les 4 malades restants, une colite sévère a posé l'indication d'une proctocolectomie immédiate. La survenue de fistule provoque un retard significatif dans la cicatrisation périnéale avec protectomie. On conclut que la mise à plat traditionnelle d'une fistule anale chez les patients avec une maladie de Crohn classique est suivie par un taux élevé de cicatrisations correctes. Par contre, un traitement chirurgical local d'une fistule anale compliquant une colite de crohn est beaucoup plus souvent suivi d'insuccés. Ces malades souffrent généralement plus de leur maladie intestinale que de leur fistule et devraient probablement être proposés pour une proctocolectomie à un stade précoce.

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Nordgren, S., Fasth, S. & Hultén, L. Anal fistulas in Crohn's disease: Incidence and outcome of surgical treatment. Int J Colorect Dis 7, 214–218 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00341224

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