Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Social Investment or Private Profit? Diverging Notions of ‘Investment’ in Early Childhood Education and Care

  • Original Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Early Childhood Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In recent decades, many OECD countries have adopted the notion of ‘social investment’ to reframe traditional approaches to social welfare. Social investment strategies and policies focus on employment rather than welfare and promote public expenditure on skills and education throughout the life course, starting with early childhood education and care (ECEC). Such strategies and policies are future-oriented and premised on the assumption that the right types of public expenditure will generate social and economic returns. The child is a central figure within this frame, both as an emblem of the future and as a potential barrier to mothers’ employment in the here and now. But although there is an implicit assumption in much political discourse that public expenditure is equivalent to ‘social investment’ this is not necessarily the case. At more or less the same time that social investment has become a new paradigm for social expenditure, governments (especially, though not exclusively, in liberal English-speaking countries) began to turn to the market, enlisting private, for-profit firms to deliver services such as ECEC that were previously offered either by non-profit providers or the public sector. Rather than fund supply, these governments turned to demand-side strategies, providing parents with vouchers or other forms of cash or taxation assistance to enable them to purchase services in a quasi-market. As a consequence, private investment has become significant driver of policy; indeed, we argue, private investment has the potential to overshadow social investment. Using examples from Australia and England, we question the compatibility of social investment and private investment in ECEC.

Résumé

Ces dernières décennies, de nombreux pays membres de l’OCDE ont adopté le concept de «l’investissement social» pour recadrer les approches traditionnelles à l’aide sociale. Les stratégies et politiques de l’investissement social visent l’emploi plutôt que l’aide sociale, et mettent en avant le financement public de l’éducation ainsi que la formation tout au long de la vie, à commencer par l’éducation de la petite l’enfance. De telles stratégies et politiques sont orientées vers l’avenir et sont fondées sur l’hypothèse que tout financement public correctement conçu produira des retours économiques et sociaux. Bien qu’il y ait un présupposé implicite dans le discours politique, selon lequel le financement public équivaut à «l’investissement social», ceci n’est pas nécessairement le cas. À peu près au même moment où l’investissement social est devenu un nouveau paradigme pour le financement social, les gouvernements (surtout, mais pas seulement, dans les pays anglophones libéraux) ont commencé à se tourner vers le marché, se servant de stratégies basées sur la demande comme les bons et l’aide fiscale pour inciter les entreprises privées à but lucratif à fournir des services comme ceux d’éducation et de garde de la petite enfance. Prenant l’Australie et l’Angleterre comme exemples, nous interrogeons la compatibilité de l’investissement social et de l’investissement privé dans le secteur de l’éducation et la garde de la petite enfance. Nous étudions comment ces deux pays ont adopté des discours de l’investissement social dans leurs stratégies pour l’éducation et la garde de la petite enfance, alors qu’en même temps ils se sont engagés dans des politiques qui reposent sur l’offre privée de services et subventionnent le profit privé. Notre argument clé est que l’investissement public en éducation et garde de la petite enfance de qualité pour tous les enfants a été compromis par les impératifs de fournir des occasions d’investissement au secteur privé.

Resumen

En las últimas décadas, muchos países de la OCDE han adoptado el concepto de ‘inversión social’ para replantear los enfoques tradicionales de bienestar social. Estrategias y políticas de inversión social se centran en el empleo en lugar de promover el bienestar y el gasto público en las habilidades y la educación durante toda la vida, empezando por la Educación Inicial y Cuidado (EIYC). Estas estrategias y políticas orientadas hacia el futuro y tienen como premisa que el tipo correcto de gasto público va a generar beneficios sociales y económicos. Aunque hay una suposición implícita en gran parte del discurso político, que el gasto público es equivalente a la ‘inversión social’, esto no es necesariamente el caso. Más o menos al mismo tiempo en que la inversión social se ha convertido en un nuevo paradigma para el gasto social, los gobiernos (en especial, aunque no exclusivamente, en los países de habla Inglesa liberales) comenzaron a recurrir al mercado, utilizando estrategias de financiamiento de la demanda, tales como vales y asistencia fiscal para dar de alta las empresas privadas con fines de lucro para ofrecer servicios como la EIYC. Usando Australia e Inglaterra como nuestros ejemplos, ponemos en duda la compatibilidad de la inversión social y la inversión privada en la educación de la primera infancia. Examinamos cómo estos países han adoptado discursos de inversión social en sus estrategias de EIYC mientras que, al mismo tiempo, se comprometen con políticas orientadas al mercado que se basan en la oferta del sector privado y subsidios de ganancias privadas. Nuestro principal argumento es que la inversión pública en la EIYC de calidad para todos los niños se ha visto comprometida por los imperativos de proporcionar oportunidades para la inversión privada.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Being approved is not the same as meeting regulatory requirements. In order to be approved for Child Care Benefit purposes, a service has to meet regulatory requirements and offer services for at least 8 h per day, 48 weeks per year. Most long day care centres and family day schemes are approved, while preschools offering half-day or short day programmes are not.

  2. Long day care is the Australian term for child care centres that are open for at least 8 h per day, 48 weeks per year, thus catering to the needs of employed parents.

  3. Jobs, Education and Training (JET) Child Care Fee assistance is available to some families where parents are studying or preparing to enter the labour force. Under this scheme, parents’ co-contribution is capped at $1 per hour.

References

  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2010. Consumer Price IndexAustralia, cat. no. 6401.0, Canberra: Author.

  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2011. Experimental Estimates of Preschool Education, Australia, cat. no. 4240.0, Canberra: Author.

  • Brennan, D. (2007a). Babies, budgets and birthrates: Work/family policy in Australia 1996–2006. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 14(1), 31–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, D. (2007b). The ABC of child care politics. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 42(2), 213–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan, D., Cass, B., Himmelweit, S., & Szebehely, M. (2012). The marketisation of care: Rationales and consequences in liberal and nordic welfare states. Journal of European Social Policy, 22(4), 377–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Union of Public Employees. 2012. The pursuit of profit in Ontario child care: Risky business for parents and government, A CUPE Backgrounder. Retrieved November 12, 2013 from http://cupe.on.ca/a4488/Ontario%20Childcare%20At%20Risk.pdf.

  • Clarke, A., Lawrence, D., Lloyd, E., Penn, H., & Blackburn, P. (2011). The London childcare market. London: Roger Tym & Partners.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J., Newman, J., Smith, N., Vidler, E., & Westmarland, L. (2007). Creating citizen-consumers: Changing public and changing public services. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland, G., & Krashinsky, M. (2009). The nonprofit advantage: Producing quality in thick and thin child care markets. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 28(3), 440–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Council of Australian Governments. (2009). Investing in the early years: A national early childhood development strategy. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department for Education and Department for Work and Pensions. 2012. Commission on Childcare: Terms of References. London: Author. Retrieved November 12, 2013 from http://media.education.gov.uk/assets/files/pdf/c/childcare_commission_terms_of_reference_july_2012.pdf.

  • Department for Education and Department of Health (UK). (2011). Supporting families in the foundation years. London: HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department for Education and Employment (UK). (1998). Meeting the childcare challenge, green paper. London: HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Education Employment and Workplace Relations. (2010). State of child care in Australia. Canberra: Office of Early Childhood Education and Child Care.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobrowolsky, A. (2002). Rhetoric versus reality: The figure of the child and new labour’s strategic social investment state. Studies in Political Economy, 69, 43–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobrowolsky, A., & Jenson, J. (2005). Social investment perspectives and practices: A decade in British politics. Social Policy Review, 17, 203–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dragomir, G. (2012). Commercial child care in Canada: Can child care thrive in a speculative investment environment? Pace Accounting Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2013 from http://cccabc.bc.ca/act/actions/NFS/files/Commercial_Child_Care_in_Canada.pdf.

  • Ellis, K. 2009. Ministerial statement: The future of ABC learning. Retrieved November 12, 2013 from http://kateellis.com.au/speeches/123/.

  • Esping-Andersen, G. (2002). A child-centred investment strategy. In G. Esping-Andersen, D. Gallie, A. Hemerijck, & J. Myles (Eds.), Why we need a new welfare state (pp. 26–67). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Farouque, F. 2006. The other Eddy everywhere. The Age. Retrieved November 12, 2013 from http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/the-other-eddy-everywhere/2006/04/07/1143916718012.html.

  • Gaunt, C. 2013. Poor families the least likely to gain from tax-free scheme. NurseryWorld. Retrieved November 12, 2013 from http://www.nurseryworld.co.uk/nursery-world/news/1097677/poor-families-gain-tax-free-scheme.

  • Giddens, A. (1998). The third way: The renewal of social democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • HM Revenue & Customs (2012). Reasons why your tax credits might go down or stop. Retrieved November 12, 2013 from http://media.education.gov.uk/assets/files/pdf/c/childcare_commission_terms_of_reference_july_2012.pdf.

  • HM Treasury (2013).Tax-free childcare Q&A. Retrieved November 12, 2013 from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130129110402; http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/tax_free_childcare_qanda.htm.

  • Jenson, J. (2008). Children, new social risks and policy change. A LEGO™ future? Comparative Social Research, 25, 357–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Land, H., & Himmelweit, S. (2010). Who cares? Who pays?. London: UNISON.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. (2003). Developing early years childcare in England, 1997–2002: The choices for (working) mothers. Social Policy and Administration, 37(3), 219–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. (2009). Work-family balance, gender and policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lister, R. (2004). The third way’s social investment state. In J. Lewis & R. Surender (Eds.), Welfare state change. Towards a third way (pp. 157–181). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lister, R. (2006). Children (but not women) first: New labour, child welfare and gender. Critical Social Policy, 26(2), 315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lister, R. (2008). Investing in children and childhood: A new welfare policy paradigm and its implications. Comparative Social Research, 25, 383–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, E. (2008). The interface between childcare, family support and child poverty strategies under new labour: Tensions and contradictions. Social Policy and Society, 7(04), 479–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, E., & Penn, H. (Eds.). (2012). Childcare markets: Can they deliver an equitable service?. Bristol: Policy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahon, R. (2010). After neo-liberalism? The OECD, the World Bank and the child. Global Social Policy, 10(2), 172–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morel, N., Palier, B., & Palme, J. (2012). Beyond the welfare state as we knew it? In N. Morel, B. Palier, & J. Palme (Eds.), Towards a social investment welfare state? Ideas, policies and challenges (pp. 1–32). Bristol: The Policy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, K. (2009). Child care and the social investment model: Political conditions for reform. In N. Morel, B. Palier, & J. Palme (Eds.), What future for social investment?. Stockholm: Institute for Futures Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newberry, S., & Brennan, D. (2013). Economic and social policy tensions: Early childhood education and care in a marketised environment. Financial Accountability and Management, 29(3), 227–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2006). Starting strong II. Paris: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penn, H. (2007). Childcare market management: How the United Kingdom Government has reshaped its role in developing early childhood education and care. Contemporary Issues in the Early Years, 8(3), 192–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeleib-Kaiser, M. (2008). Welfare state transformations in comparative perspective: Shifting boundaries of ‘public’ and ‘private’ social policy? In Martin Seeleib-Kaiser (Ed.), Welfare state transformations: comparative perspectives (pp. 1–14). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, P. 2007. Social investment in human capital: Revisioning Australian social policy. Social Policy Working paper No. 8. Melbourne: Brotherhood of St Laurence & The Centre for Public Policy.

  • Sumsion, J. (2012). ABC learning and Australian early education and care: A retrospective ethical audit of a radical experiment. In E. Lloyd & H. Penn (Eds.), Childcare markets: Can they deliver an equitable service? (pp. 209–226). Bristol: The Policy Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, C., & Ball, S. J. (2006). Childcare, choice and class practices. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, C., Braun, A., & Ball, S. J. (2008). Childcare choice and social class: caring for young children in the UK. Critical Social Policy, 28(1), 5–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, A., Roberts, J., & Noden, P. (2010). Funding early years education and care: Can a mixed economy of providers deliver universal, high quality provision? British Journal of Educational Studies, 58(2), 155–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, L., & Friendly, M. (2012). Public funding, private delivery: states, markets, and early childhood education and care in liberal welfare states: A comparison of Australia, the UK, Quebec, and New Zealand. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 14(4), 292–310.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elizabeth Adamson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Adamson, E., Brennan, D. Social Investment or Private Profit? Diverging Notions of ‘Investment’ in Early Childhood Education and Care. IJEC 46, 47–61 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-013-0098-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-013-0098-x

Keywords

Navigation