Zusammenfassung
Die Marketingforschung bietet viele Ansätze, die dabei helfen, ein neues Produkt so zu positionieren, dass dessen Marktanteil möglichst hoch wird. Demgegenüber existiert noch wenig Wissen zur Frage, welche der bereits vorhandenen Produkte durch die Markteinführung eines Neuprodukts voraussichtlich an Marktanteil verlieren werden. Typischerweise wird ein Anbieter eines zusätzlichen Produkts seinen gesamten Marktanteil zulasten des Marktanteils von Wettbewerbern erhöhen wollen, weswegen starke Kannibalisierungseffekte durch eine eigene Neueinführung unerwünscht sind. Wird bekannt, dass ein Wettbewerber ein Neuprodukt auf den Markt zu bringen beabsichtigt, ist es wichtig zu wissen, ob der Marktanteil des eigenen Produkts stark durch diese Neueinführung gefährdet sein wird, um gegebenenfalls rechtzeitig Gegenmaßnahmen einleiten zu können. In diesem Beitrag wird die Frage behandelt, wie sehr der Marktanteil bisher existenter Produkte gefährdet ist, wenn das neu angebotene Produkt einen Kompromiss in Bezug auf bisher angebotene Produkte darstellt. Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen werden die Ergebnisse aus drei Studien, die in der Literatur bereits veröffentlicht worden sind, und aus sechs neuen Studien, für die insgesamt 3.699 Studenten im Zeitraum zwischen 2005 und 2010 befragt worden sind, herangezogen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es weder einen Dichte- noch einen Substitutionseffekt gibt, weswegen die Ähnlichkeit zwischen den Produkten keine Aussagekraft dafür hat, welches Produkt in vergleichsweise hohem Maße an Marktanteil verlieren wird. Dies hat zur Folge, dass sich Anbieter vor drohenden Marktanteilsverlusten schützen sollten, unabhängig davon, wie ähnlich sich das neue Produkt und bereits vorhandene Produkte sind. Nach den Befunden aus dieser Studie kommt es darauf an, ob das Kompromissprodukt in einer hochpreisigen oder einer geringpreisigen Produktkategorie angeboten wird, um vorhersagen zu können, welches der bisherigen Produkte in hohem Maß an Marktanteil verlieren wird.
Abstract
Marketing literature provides many approaches which could be used to identify a position of a new product that maximizes this new product’s expected market share. However, little is known about the answer to the question of which of the pre-existing products will lose market share to a lower or to a higher extent. If a supplier adds a new product to pre-existing products he is expected to aim at increasing his total market share at the expense of the market shares of his competitors’ products but not of his own products’ market shares. If a competitor is known to introduce a new product into the market it is important to derive assumptions whether the market share of one’s own products is endangered since countermeasures should be taken in time. This paper deals with the relationship between the position of a new product and the relative decrease of the market shares of pre-existing products. We refer to the results of three experiments that have already been published in literature and add the findings from six new studies conducted between 2005 and 2010 in which 3,699 students participated. The results neither provide evidence for the existence of a density effect nor for the existence of a substitution effect. Thus, similarity between pre-existing and new products can not be used to predict the losses of market shares of pre-existing products. As a consequence, suppliers are recommended to take measures that protect the market share of similar as well as dissimilar products when a new product is introduced into the market. On the contrary, our results show that the relative losses of market shares of pre-existing products depend on the price category the products belong to.
Literatur
Adaval R, Monroe KB (2002) Automatic construction and use of contextual information for product and price evaluation. J Cons Res 28(4):572–588
Bauer RA (1967) Consumer behavior as risk taking. In: Cox DF (Hrsg) Risk taking and information handling in consumer behaviour. Harvard University Press, Boston, S 23–33
Benartzi S, Thaler RH (2002) How much is investor autonomy worth? J Finance 57(4):1593–1616
Bown NJ, Read D, Summers B (2003) The lure of choice. J Behav Decis Mak 16(4):297–308
Brenner L, Rottenstreich Y, Sood S (1999) Comparison, grouping, and preference. Psychol Sci 10(3):225–229
Burton S, Zinkhan GM (1987) Changes in consumer choice: further investigation of similarity and attraction effects. Psychol Mark 4(3):255–266
Busemeyer JR, Barkan R, Mehta S, Chaturvedi A (2007) Context effects and models of preferential choice: implications for consumer behaviour. Mark Theory 7(1):39–58
Dhar R, Glazer R (1996) Similarity in context: cognitive representation and violation of preference and perceptual invariance in consumer choice. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 67(3):280–293
Doyle JR, O’Connor DJ, Reynolds G, Bottomley PA (1999) The robustness of the asymmetrically dominated effect: buying frames, phantom alternatives, and in-store purchases. Psychol Mark 16(3):225–243
Gierl H, Stiegelmayr K (2010) Preis und Qualität als Dimensionen von Kompromissoptionen. Z Betriebswirtschaft 80(5):495–531
Guo FY, Holyoak KJ (2002) Understanding similarity in choice behavior: a connectionist model. In: Gray WD, Schunn CD (Hrsg) Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual conference of the cognitive science society. Erlbaum, Mahwah, S 393–398
Hamilton R, Hong J, Chernev A (2007) Perceptual focus effects in choice. J Cons Res 34(2):187–199
Heath TB, Chatterjee S (1995) Asymmetric decoy effects on lower-quality versus higher-quality brands: meta-analytic and experimental evidence. J Cons Res 22(3):268–284
Huber J (1982) The effect of set composition on item choice: separating attraction, edge aversion, and substitution effects. In: Bagozzi RP, Tybout AM, Abor A (Hrsg) Advances in consumer research, Bd 10. Association for Consumer Research, Provo, S 298–304
Huber J, Puto C (1983) Market boundaries and product choice: illustrating attraction and substitution effects. J Cons Res 10(1):31–44
Huber J, Payne JW, Puto C (1982) Adding asymmetrically dominated alternatives: violations of regularity and the similarity hypothesis. J Cons Res 9(1):90–98
Jacoby J, Kaplan LB, Szybillo GJ (1974) Components of perceived risk in product purchase. J Appl Psychol 59(3):287–291
Janiszewski C, Lichtenstein DR (1999) A range theory account of price perception. J Cons Res 25(4):353–368
Josiam BM, Hobson JSP (1999) Consumer choice in context: the decoy effect in travel and tourism. J Travel Res 34(1):45–50
Kardes FR, Herr PM, Marlino D (1989) Some new light on substitution and attraction effects. In: Srull TK (Hrsg) Advances of consumer research, Bd 16. Association for Consumer Research, Provo, S 203–208
Kelman M, Rottenstreich Y, Tversky A (1996) Context-dependence in legal decision making. J Legal Stud 25(2):285–318
Kim JS (2001) Shoppers’ alternative choice of store and manufacturers’ brands: an examination of the attraction and compromise effects toward retailer’s profit optimization. Dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington
Kim S, Hasher L (2005) The attraction effect in decision making: the superior performance by older adults. Q J Exp Psychol 58A(1):120–133
Lehmann DR, Pan Y (1994) Context effects, new brand entry, and consideration sets. J Marketing Res 31(3):364–374
Luce DR (1959) Individual choice behaviour. Wiley, New York
Mitchell V (1999) Consumer perceived risk: conceptualizations and models. Eur J Mark 33(1/2):163–195
Novemsky N, Kahneman D (2005) The boundaries of loss aversion. J Marketing Res 42(2):119–128
Pan Y, Lehmann DR (1993) The influence of new brand entry on subjective brand judgments. J Cons Res 20(1):76–86
Parducci A (1963) Range-frequency compromise in judgment. Psychol Monogr 77(2):1–50
Pechtl H (2004) Definitions- und Wirkungsbereiche des decoy-Effekts – eine empirisch-explorative Untersuchung. Working paper, Universität Greifswald. http://www.rsf.uni-greifswald.de/bwl/pdf/2004/10_2004.pdf. Zugegriffen: 1. Aug. 2010
Pechtl H (2009) Value structures in a decoy and a compromise effect experiment. Psychol Mark 26(8):736–759
Pessemier E, Handelsman M (1984) Temporal variety in consumer behavior. J Marketing Res 21(4):435–444
Ratneshwar S, Shocker AD, Stewart DW (1987) Toward understanding the attraction effect: the implication of product stimulus meaningfulness and familiarity. J Cons Res 13(4):520–533
Schweizer M (2005) Kontrast- und Kompromisseffekt im Recht am Beispiel der lebenslänglichen Verwahrung. Schweiz Z Strafr 123(4):438–458
Sen S (1998) Knowledge, information mode, and the attraction effect. J Cons Res 25(1):64–77
Shapiro C, Varian HR (1998) Versioning: the smart way to sell information. Harvard Bus Rev 76(6):106–114
Sharpe KM, Staelin R, Huber J (2008) Using extremeness aversion to fight obesity: policy implications of context dependent demand. J Cons Res 35(3):406–422
Sheng S, Parker AM, Nakamoto K (2005) Understanding the mechanism and determinants of compromise effects. Psychol Mark 23(7):591–609
Simonson I (1989) Choice based on reason: the case of attraction and compromise effects. J Cons Res 16(2):158–174
Simonson I, Tversky A (1992) Choice in context: tradeoff contrast and extremeness aversion. J Marketing Res 29(3):281–295
Smith RH, Diener E, Wedell DH (1989) Intrapersonal and social comparison determinants of happiness: a range-frequency analysis. J Pers Soc Psychol 56(3):317–325
Sood S, Rottenstreich Y, Brenner L (2004) On decisions that lead to decisions: direct and derived evaluations of preference. J Cons Res 31(1):17–25
Trijp HCM van, Hoyer WD, Inman J (1996) Why switch? Product category-level explanations for true variety-seeking behavior. J Marketing Res 33(3):281–292
Tversky A (1972) Elimination by aspects: a theory of choice. Psychol Rev 79(4):281–299
Tversky A, Kahneman D (1991) Loss aversion in riskless choice: a reference-dependent model. Q J Econ 10(4):1039–1061
Wedell DH (1991) Distinguishing among models of contextually induced preference reversals. J Exp Psychol 17(3):767–778
Wedell DH (1996) A constructive-associative model of contextual dependence of unidimensional similarity. J Exp Psychol 22(3):634–661
Wernerfelt B (1995) A rational reconstruction of the compromise effect: using market data to infer utilities. J Cons Res 21(4):621–633
Danksagung
Die Autoren danken Frau Xandra Ding, Berit Ehlich, Sabrina Etzel, Daniela Heinritz, Kathrin Jakobi, Elisabeth Lang, Sandra Negendank, Andrea Neumann, Sarah Rigas, Julia Schmid, Michaela Weich und Nicole Wenz sowie Herrn Tobias Fesl, Andreas Hembacher, Norbert Schwärzler und Sebastian Thiel für die Mitarbeit an dieser Studie sowie zwei Gutachtern für wertvolle Hinweise.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gierl, H., Stiegelmayr, K. Gibt es den Dichte- und den Substitutionseffekt?. markt 50, 75–96 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12642-010-0043-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12642-010-0043-6