Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the microbiological quality of raw cow’s milk in a collection center in the city of Mashhad, Iran. A total of 19 raw cow’s milk samples were collected and simultaneously analyzed for male-specific (F+) coliphage and Escherichia coli using culture-based methods and for enteric viruses by reverse transcriptase semi-nested PCR using primer sets specific for human norovirus Group I (HNV-GI), human norovirus Group II (HNV-GII), and enteroviruses (EV). Seven out of 19 (36.8 %) raw milk samples tested positive for human noroviruses (HNV). The genotypes detected were HNV-GI and HNV-GII. Three positive samples contained both genotypes, and 2 samples were positive for either of HNV-GI and HNV-GII. No sample tested positive for EV. The correlation between the occurrence of HNV and the microbial indicators was studied. The statistical analysis using first- and second-order regression revealed that there is no correlation between F+ coliphage and E. coli. Similarly, no correlation was noticed between the occurrence of F+ coliphages and HNV. However, frequency distribution analysis indicated that 3 out of 4 (75 %) of raw milk samples containing F+ coliphage at a concentration higher than 104 pfu/100 ml were also positive for noroviruses. The limited data on the occurrence of noroviruses in raw milk suggest a poor sanitation and hygiene practices at the facility and indicate a possible correlation between the viral indicator at high concentration and human noroviruses; however, this analysis needs further investigation in a larger scale study.
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The authors wish to thank the Ministry of Industries and Mines and ozone Ab Corporation for their financial support and Dr. M. R. Bassami for technical assistance.
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Yavarmanesh, M., Alum, A. & Abbaszadegan, M. Occurrence of Noroviruses and Their Correlation with Microbial Indicators in Raw Milk. Food Environ Virol 7, 232–238 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-015-9185-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-015-9185-5