Skip to main content
Log in

Stress echocardiography for the detection and assessment of coronary artery disease

  • Advances in Nonnuclear Imaging Technologies
  • Published:
Journal of Nuclear Cardiology Aims and scope

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3

References

  1. Wann LS, Faris JV, Childress RH, Dillon JC, Weyman AE, Feigenbaum H. Exercise cross-sectional echocardiography in ischemic heart disease. Circulation 1979;60:1300-8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Hoffmann R, Marwick TH, Poldermans D, Lethen H, Ciani R, van der Meer P. Refinements in stress echocardiographic techniques improve inter-institutional agreement in interpretation of dobutamine stress echocardiograms. Eur Heart J 2002;23:821-9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Rainbird AJ, Mulvagh SL, Oh JK, McCully RB, Klarich KW, Shub C, et al. Contrast dobutamine stress echocardiography: Clinical practice assessment in 300 consecutive patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001;14:378-85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Beasley JW, Bricker JT, Duvernoy WF, Froelicher VF, et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for Exercise Testing. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Exercise Testing). J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:260-311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Pellikka PA, Nagueh SF, Elhendy AA, Kuehl CA, Sawada SG. American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for performance, interpretation, and application of stress echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007;20:1021-41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Arruda-Olson AM, Juracan EM, Mahoney DW, McCully RB, Roger VL, Pellikka PA. Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in 5,798 patients: Is there a gender difference? J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:625-31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. McCully RB, Roger VL, Mahoney DW, Karon BL, Oh JK, Miller FA Jr, et al. Outcome after normal exercise echocardiography and predictors of subsequent cardiac events: Follow-up of 1,325 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:144-9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lauer MS, Mehta R, Pashkow FJ, Okin PM, Lee K, Marwick TH. Association of chronotropic incompetence with echocardiographic ischemia and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:1280-6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Roger VL, Jacobsen SJ, Pellikka PA, Miller TD, Bailey KR, Gersh BJ. Prognostic value of treadmill exercise testing: A population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Circulation 1998;98:2836-41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Modesto KM, Rainbird AJ, Klarich KW, Mahoney DW, Chandrasekaran K, Pellikka PA. Comparison of supine bicycle exercise and treadmill exercise Doppler echocardiography in evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2003;91:1245-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ryan T, Segar DS, Sawada SG, Berkovitz KE, Whang D, Dohan AM, et al. Detection of coronary artery disease with upright bicycle exercise echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1993;6:186-97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Park TH, Tayan N, Takeda K, Jeon HK, Quinones MA, Zoghbi WA. Supine bicycle echocardiography improved diagnostic accuracy and physiologic assessment of coronary artery disease with the incorporation of intermediate stages of exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1857-63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hecht HS, DeBord L, Sotomayor N, Shaw R, Dunlap R, Ryan C. Supine bicycle stress echocardiography: Peak exercise imaging is superior to postexercise imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1993;6:265-71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina—summary article: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:159-68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Iskandrian AS, Verani MS, Heo J. Pharmacologic stress testing: Mechanism of action, hemodynamic responses, and results in detection of coronary artery disease. J Nucl Cardiol 1994;1:94-111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Pellikka PA, Roger VL, Oh JK, Miller FA, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Stress echocardiography. Part II. Dobutamine stress echocardiography: Techniques, implementation, clinical applications, and correlations. Mayo Clin Proc 1995;70:16-27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ling LH, Christian TF, Mulvagh SL, Klarich KW, Hauser MF, Nishimura RA, et al. Determining myocardial viability in chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction: A prospective comparison of rest-redistribution thallium 201 single-photon emission computed tomography, nitroglycerin-dobutamine echocardiography, and intracoronary myocardial contrast echocardiography. Am Heart J 2006;151:882-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kittipovanonth M, Bernheim AM, Scott CG, Barnes ME, Shub C, Pellikka PA. Is the standard weight-based dosing of dobutamine for stress testing appropriate for patients of widely varying body mass index? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2010. [Epub ahead of print].

  19. Ling LH, Pellikka PA, Mahoney DW, Oh JK, McCully RB, Roger VL, et al. Atropine augmentation in dobutamine stress echocardiography: Role and incremental value in a clinical practice setting. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:551-7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Tadamura E, Iida H, Matsumoto K, Mamede M, Kubo S, Toyoda H, et al. Comparison of myocardial blood flow during dobutamine-atropine infusion with that after dipyridamole administration in normal men. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:130-6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pingitore A, Picano E, Colosso MQ, Reisenhofer B, Gigli G, Lucarini AR, et al. The atropine factor in pharmacologic stress echocardiography. Echo Persantine (EPIC) and Echo Dobutamine International Cooperative (EDIC) Study Groups. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1164-70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Fioretti PM, Poldermans D, Salustri A, Forster T, Bellotti P, Boersma E, et al. Atropine increases the accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients taking beta-blockers. Eur Heart J 1994;15:355-60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Chaowalit N, McCully RB, Callahan MJ, Mookadam F, Bailey KR, Pellikka PA. Outcomes after normal dobutamine stress echocardiography and predictors of adverse events: Long-term follow-up of 3014 patients. Eur Heart J 2006;27:3039-44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Wuthiwaropas P, Wiste JA, McCully RB, Kane GC, Scott CG, Pellikka PA. Neuropsychiatric symptoms during 24 hours after dobutamine-atropine stress testing: A prospective study in 1,006 patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011. [Epub ahead of print].

  25. Picano E, Landi P, Bolognese L, Chiaranda G, Chiarella F, Seveso G, et al. Prognostic value of dipyridamole echocardiography early after uncomplicated myocardial infarction: A large-scale, multicenter trial. The EPIC Study Group. Am J Med 1993;95:608-18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sicari R, Pasanisi E, Venneri L, Landi P, Cortigiani L, Picano E. Stress echo results predict mortality: A large-scale multicenter prospective international study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:589-95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Djordjevic-Dikic AD, Ostojic MC, Beleslin BD, Stepanovic J, Petrasinovic Z, Babic R, et al. High dose adenosine stress echocardiography for noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1689-95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Marwick T, Willemart B, D’Hondt AM, Baudhuin T, Wijns W, Detry JM, et al. Selection of the optimal nonexercise stress for the evaluation of ischemic regional myocardial dysfunction and malperfusion. Comparison of dobutamine and adenosine using echocardiography and 99mTc-MIBI single photon emission computed tomography. Circulation 1993;87:345-54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Previtali M, Lanzarini L, Fetiveau R, Poli A, Ferrario M, Falcone C, et al. Comparison of dobutamine stress echocardiography, dipyridamole stress echocardiography and exercise stress testing for diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:865-70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kim C, Kwok YS, Heagerty P, Redberg R. Pharmacologic stress testing for coronary disease diagnosis: A meta-analysis. Am Heart J 2001;142:934-44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Picano E, Alaimo A, Chubuchny V, Plonska E, Baldo V, Baldini U, et al. Noninvasive pacemaker stress echocardiography for diagnosis of coronary artery disease: A multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1305-10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Biagini E, Schinkel AF, Elhendy A, Bax JJ, Rizzello V, van Domburg RT, et al. Pacemaker stress echocardiography predicts cardiac events in patients with permanent pacemaker. Am J Med. 2005;118:1381-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Rainbird AJ, Pellikka PA, Stussy VL, Mahoney DM, Seward JB. A rapid stress-testing protocol for the detection of coronary artery disease: Comparison of two-stage transesophageal atrial pacing stress echocardiography with dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:1659-63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lee CY, Pellikka PA, McCully RB, Mahoney DW, Seward JB. Nonexercise stress transthoracic echocardiography: Transesophageal atrial pacing versus dobutamine stress. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:506-11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Attenhofer CH, Pellikka PA, Roger VL, Oh JK, Hepner AM, Seward JB. Impact of atropine injection on heart rate response during treadmill exercise echocardiography: A double-blind randomized pilot study. Echocardiography 2000;17:221-7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Skolnick DG, Sawada SG, Feigenbaum H, Segar DS. Enhanced endocardial visualization with noncontrast harmonic imaging during stress echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999;12:559-63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Franke A, Hoffmann R, Kuhl HP, Lepper W, Breithardt OA, Schormann M, et al. Non-contrast second harmonic imaging improves interobserver agreement and accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with impaired image quality. Heart 2000;83:133-40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Sozzi FB, Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Boersma E, Vletter WB, Elhendy A, et al. Second harmonic imaging improves sensitivity of dobutamine stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 2001;142:153-9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Cohen JL, Cheirif J, Segar DS, Gillam LD, Gottdiener JS, Hausnerova E, et al. Improved left ventricular endocardial border delineation and opacification with OPTISON (FS069), a new echocardiographic contrast agent. Results of a phase III Multicenter Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:746-52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kitzman DW, Goldman ME, Gillam LD, Cohen JL, Aurigemma GP, Gottdiener JS. Efficacy and safety of the novel ultrasound contrast agent perflutren (Definity) in patients with suboptimal baseline left ventricular echocardiographic images. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:669-74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Thanigaraj S, Nease RF Jr, Schechtman KB, Wade RL, Loslo S, Perez JE. Use of contrast for image enhancement during stress echocardiography is cost-effective and reduces additional diagnostic testing. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:1430-2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Castello R, Bella JN, Rovner A, Swan J, Smith J, Shaw L. Efficacy and time-efficiency of a “sonographer-driven” contrast echocardiography protocol in a high-volume echocardiography laboratory. Am Heart J 2003;145:535-41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Dolan MS, Riad K, El-Shafei A. Effect of intravenous contrast for left ventricular opacification and border definition on sensitivity and specificity of dobutamine stress echocardiography compared with coronary angiography in technically difficult patients. Am Heart J 2001;142:908-15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Mulvagh SL, Rakowski H, Vannan MA, Abdelmoneim SS, Becher H, Bierig SM, et al. American Society of Echocardiography Consensus Statement on the Clinical Applications of Ultrasonic Contrast Agents in Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008;11:1179-201.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Arsenault M, Crete M, Bergeron S. Left ventricular shape assessment: A new simple diagnostic tool in stress echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:1321-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Attenhofer CH, Pellikka PA, Oh JK, Roger VL, Sohn DW, Seward JB. Comparison of ischemic response during exercise and dobutamine echocardiography in patients with left main coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1171-7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification: A report from the American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:1440-63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Marwick TH, Case C, Vasey C, Allen S, Short L, Thomas JD. Prediction of mortality by exercise echocardiography: A strategy for combination with the duke treadmill score. Circulation 2001;103:2566-71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. San Roman JA, Vilacosta I, Rollan MJ, Castillo JA, Alonso J, Duran JM, et al. Right ventricular asynergy during dobutamine-atropine echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:430-5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. O’Sullivan C, Duncan A, Daly C, Li W, Oldershaw P, Henein M. Dobutamine stress-induced ischemic right ventricular dysfunction and its relation to cardiac output in patients with three-vessel coronary artery disease with angina-like symptoms. Am J Cardiol 2005;62:622-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Bangalore S, Yao SS, Chaudhry FA. Role of right ventricular wall motion abnormalities in risk stratification and prognosis of patients referred for stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1981-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Segar DS, Brown SE, Sawada SG, Ryan T, Feigenbaum H. Dobutamine stress echocardiography: Correlation with coronary lesion severity as determined by quantitative angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:1197-202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Crouse LJ, Harbrecht JJ, Vacek JL, Rosamond TL, Kramer PH. Exercise echocardiography as a screening test for coronary artery disease and correlation with coronary arteriography. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:1213-8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Quinones MA, Verani MS, Haichin RM, Mahmarian JJ, Suarez J, Zoghbi WA. Exercise echocardiography versus 201Tl single-photon emission computed tomography in evaluation of coronary artery disease. Analysis of 292 patients. Circulation 1992;85:1026-31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Roger VL, Pellikka PA, Oh JK, Bailey KR, Tajik AJ. Identification of multivessel coronary artery disease by exercise echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:109-14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Beleslin BD, Ostojic M, Stepanovic J, Djordjevic-Dikic A, Stojkovic S, Nedeljkovic M, et al. Stress echocardiography in the detection of myocardial ischemia. Head-to-head comparison of exercise, dobutamine, and dipyridamole tests. Circulation 1994;90:1168-76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Marwick TH, Anderson T, Williams MJ, Haluska B, Melin JA, Pashkow F, et al. Exercise echocardiography is an accurate and cost-efficient technique for detection of coronary artery disease in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:335-41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Marcovitz PA, Armstrong WF. Accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography in detecting coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1269-73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. McNeill AJ, Fioretti PM, el-Said SM, Salustri A, Forster T, Roelandt JR. Enhanced sensitivity for detection of coronary artery disease by addition of atropine to dobutamine stress echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:41-6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Marwick T, D’Hondt AM, Baudhuin T, Willemart B, Wijns W, Detry JM, et al. Optimal use of dobutamine stress for the detection and evaluation of coronary artery disease: Combination with echocardiography or scintigraphy, or both? J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:159-67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Takeuchi M, Araki M, Nakashima Y, Kuroiwa A. Comparison of dobutamine stress echocardiography and stress thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomography for detecting coronary artery disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1993;6:593-602.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Pellikka PA. Stress echocardiography in the evaluation of chest pain and accuracy in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1997;39:523-32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Bartunek J, Marwick TH, Rodrigues AC, Vincent M, Van Schuerbeeck E, Sys SU, et al. Dobutamine-induced wall motion abnormalities: Correlations with myocardial fractional flow reserve and quantitative coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1429-36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Douglas PS, Khandheria B, Stainback RF, Weissman NJ, Peterson ED, Hendel RC, et al. ACCF/ASE/ACEP/AHA/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR 2008 appropriateness criteria for stress echocardiography: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriateness Criteria Task Force, American Society of Echocardiography, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the Society of Critical Care Medicine. Circulation 2008;117:1478-97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Conti A, Sammicheli L, Gallini C, Costanzo EN, Antoniucci D, Barletta G. Assessment of patients with low-risk chest pain in the emergency department: Head-to-head comparison of exercise stress echocardiography and exercise myocardial SPECT. Am Heart J 2005;149:894-901.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Bholasingh R, Cornel JH, Kamp O, van Straalen JP, Sanders GT, Tijssen JG, et al. Prognostic value of predischarge dobutamine stress echocardiography in chest pain patients with a negative cardiac troponin T. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:596-602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Mairesse GH, Marwick TH, Arnese M, Vanoverschelde JL, Cornel JH, Detry JM, et al. Improved identification of coronary artery disease in patients with left bundle branch block by use of dobutamine stress echocardiography and comparison with myocardial perfusion tomography. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:321-5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Geleijnse ML, Vigna C, Kasprzak JD, Rambaldi R, Salvatori MP, Elhendy A, et al. Usefulness and limitations of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with left bundle branch block. A multicentre study. Eur Heart J 2000;21:1666-73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Bouzas-Mosquera A, Peteiro J, Alvarez-Garcia N, Broullon FJ, Mosquera VX, Garcia-Bueno L, et al. Prediction of mortality and major cardiac events by exercise echocardiography in patients with normal exercise electrocardiographic testing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1981-90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. McCully RB, Roger VL, Mahoney DW, Burger KN, Click RL, Seward JB, et al. Outcome after abnormal exercise echocardiography for patients with good exercise capacity: Prognostic importance of the extent and severity of exercise-related left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1345-52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. McCully RB, Roger VL, Ommen SR, Mahoney DW, Burger KN, Freeman WK, et al. Outcomes of patients with reduced exercise capacity at time of exercise echocardiography. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79:750-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Chuah SC, Pellikka PA, Roger VL, McCully RB, Seward JB. Role of dobutamine stress echocardiography in predicting outcome in 860 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Circulation 1998;97:1474-80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Marwick TH, Case C, Sawada S. Prediction of mortality using dobutamine echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:754-60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Pingitore A, Picano E, Varga A, Gigli G, Cortigiani L, Previtali M, et al. Prognostic value of pharmacological stress echocardiography in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease: A prospective, large-scale, multicenter, head-to-head comparison between dipyridamole and dobutamine test. Echo-Persantine International Cooperative (EPIC) and Echo-Dobutamine International Cooperative (EDIC) Study Groups. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1769-77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Krivokapich J, Child JS, Walter DO, Garfinkel A. Prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography in predicting cardiac events in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:708-16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Marwick TH, Case C, Poldermans D, Boersma E, Bax J, Sawada S, et al. A clinical and echocardiographic score for assigning risk of major events after dobutamine echocardiograms. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:2102-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Smart SC, Dionisopoulos PN, Knickelbine TA, Schuchard T, Sagar KB. Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for risk stratification in patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:512-21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Elhendy A, Schinkel AF, Bax JJ, Van Domburg RT, Poldermans D. Prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with normal left ventricular systolic function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004;17:739-43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Metz LD, Beattie M, Hom R, Redberg RF, Grady D, Fleischmann KE. The prognostic value of normal exercise myocardial perfusion imaging and exercise echocardiography: A meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:227-37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Bergeron S, Ommen SR, Bailey KR, Oh JK, McCully RB, Pellikka PA. Exercise echocardiographic findings and outcome of patients referred for evaluation of dyspnea. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:2242-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Elhendy A, Mahoney DW, Burger KN, McCully RB, Pellikka PA. Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in patients with classic angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:559-63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Bernheim AM, Kittipovanonth M, Scott CG, McCully RB, Tsang TS, Pellikka PA. Relation of dyspnea in patients unable to perform exercise stress testing to outcome and myocardial ischemia. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:265-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Biagini E, Elhendy A, Bax JJ, Rizzello V, Schinkel AF, van Domburg RT, et al. Seven-year follow-up after dobutamine stress echocardiography: Impact of gender on prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:93-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Shaw LJ, Vasey C, Sawada S, Rimmerman C, Marwick TH. Impact of gender on risk stratification by exercise and dobutamine stress echocardiography: Long-term mortality in 4234 women and 6898 men. Eur Heart J 2005;26:447-56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Arruda AM, Das MK, Roger VL, Klarich KW, Mahoney DW, Pellikka PA. Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in 2,632 patients > or = 65 years of age. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1036-41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Biagini E, Elhendy A, Schinkel AF, Rizzello V, Bax JJ, Sozzi FB, et al. Long-term prediction of mortality in elderly persons by dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Gerontol A 2005;60:1333-8.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Kafka H, Leach AJ, Fitzgibbon GM. Exercise echocardiography after coronary artery bypass surgery: Correlation with coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1019-23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Dagianti A, Rosanio S, Penco M, Dagianti A Jr, Sciomer S, Tocchi M, et al. Clinical and prognostic usefulness of supine bicycle exercise echocardiography in the functional evaluation of patients undergoing elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1997;95:1176-84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Bountioukos M, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Schinkel AF, Bax JJ, Krenning BJ, et al. Prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with previous coronary revascularisation. Heart 2004;90:1031-5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Arruda AM, McCully RB, Oh JK, Mahoney DW, Seward JB, Pellikka PA. Prognostic value of exercise echocardiography in patients after coronary artery bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:1069-73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Bergeron S, Hillis GS, Haugen EN, Oh JK, Bailey KR, Pellikka PA. Prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am Heart J 2007;153:385-91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Elhendy A, Arruda AM, Mahoney DW, Pellikka PA. Prognostic stratification of diabetic patients by exercise echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1551-7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Cortigiani L, Bigi R, Sicari R, Landi P, Bovenzi F, Picano E. Prognostic value of pharmacological stress echocardiography in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:605-10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Chaowalit N, Arruda AL, McCully RB, Bailey KR, Pellikka PA. Dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with diabetes mellitus: Enhanced prognostic prediction using a simple risk score. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1029-36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Kamalesh M, Feigenbaum H, Sawada S. Assessing prognosis in patients with diabetes mellitus—the Achilles’ heel of cardiac stress imaging tests? Am J Cardiol 2007;99:1016-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Sicari R, Ripoli A, Picano E, Djordjevic-Dikic A, Di Giovanbattista R, Minardi G, et al. Perioperative prognostic value of dipyridamole echocardiography in vascular surgery: A large-scale multicenter study in 509 patients. EPIC (Echo Persantine International Cooperative) Study Group. Circulation 1999;100:II269-74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Poldermans D, Fioretti PM, Forster T, Thomson IR, Boersma E, el-Said EM, et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography for assessment of perioperative cardiac risk in patients undergoing major vascular surgery. Circulation 1993;87:1506-12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Poldermans D, Arnese M, Fioretti PM, Boersma E, Thomson IR, Rambaldi R, et al. Sustained prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography for late cardiac events after major noncardiac vascular surgery. Circulation 1997;95:53-8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Das MK, Pellikka PA, Mahoney DW, Roger VL, Oh JK, McCully RB, et al. Assessment of cardiac risk before nonvascular surgery: Dobutamine stress echocardiography in 530 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1647-53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Lalka SG, Sawada SG, Dalsing MC, Cikrit DF, Sawchuk AP, Kovacs RL, et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography as a predictor of cardiac events associated with aortic surgery. J Vasc Surg 1992;15:831-40. (discussion 41-2).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Shaw LJ, Eagle KA, Gersh BJ, Miller DD. Meta-analysis of intravenous dipyridamole-thallium-201 imaging (1985 to 1994) and dobutamine echocardiography (1991 to 1994) for risk stratification before vascular surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:787-98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Kertai MD, Boersma E, Bax JJ, Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Hunink MG, L’Talien GJ, et al. A meta-analysis comparing the prognostic accuracy of six diagnostic tests for predicting perioperative cardiac risk in patients undergoing major vascular surgery. Heart 2003;89:1327-34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Lancellotti P, Hoffer EP, Pierard LA. Detection and clinical usefulness of a biphasic response during exercise echocardiography early after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1142-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Sun KT, Czernin J, Krivokapich J, Lau YK, Bottcher M, Maurer G, et al. Effects of dobutamine stimulation on myocardial blood flow, glucose metabolism, and wall motion in normal and dysfunctional myocardium. Circulation 1996;94:3146-54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Krivokapich J, Czernin J, Schelbert HR. Dobutamine positron emission tomography: Absolute quantitation of rest and dobutamine myocardial blood flow and correlation with cardiac work and percent diameter stenosis in patients with and without coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:565-72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Beckmann S, Schartl M, Bocksch W, Fleck E. Diagnosis of coronary artery disease and viable myocardium by stress echocardiography diagnostic accuracy of different stress modalities. Eur Heart J 1995;16:10-8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Senior R, Monaghan M, Becher H, Mayet J, Nihoyannopoulos P. Stress echocardiography for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease: A critical appraisal. Supported by the British Society of Echocardiography. Heart 2005;91:427-36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Senior R, Lahiri A. Enhanced detection of myocardial ischemia by stress dobutamine echocardiography utilizing the “biphasic” response of wall thickening during low and high dose dobutamine infusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:26-32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Poldermans D, Sozzi FB, Bax JJ, Boersma E, Duncker DJ, Vourvouri E et al. Influence of continuation of beta blockers during dobutamine stress echocardiography for the assessment of myocardial viability in patients with severe ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:A7, 68-70.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Poldermans D, Rambaldi R, Bax JJ, Cornel JH, Thomson IR, Valkema R, et al. Safety and utility of atropine addition during dobutamine stress echocardiography for the assessment of viable myocardium in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Eur Heart J 1998;19:1712-8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Smart SC, Sawada S, Ryan T, Segar D, Atherton L, Berkovitz K, et al. Low-dose dobutamine echocardiography detects reversible dysfunction after thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993;88:405-15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Swinburn JM, Senior R. Myocardial viability assessed by dobutamine stress echocardiography predicts reduced mortality early after acute myocardial infarction: Determining the risk of events after myocardial infarction (DREAM) study. Heart 2006;92:44-8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Picano E, Sicari R, Landi P, Cortigiani L, Bigi R, Coletta C, et al. Prognostic value of myocardial viability in medically treated patients with global left ventricular dysfunction early after an acute uncomplicated myocardial infarction: A dobutamine stress echocardiographic study. Circulation 1998;98:1078-84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Bigi R, Cortigiani L, Desideri A, Colombo P, Sponzilli C, Bax JJ, et al. Clinical and angiographic correlates of dobutamine-induced wall motion patterns after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:944-8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Rahimtoola SH. The hibernating myocardium. Am Heart J 1989;117:211-21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Rocchi G, Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Rambaldi R, Boersma E, Elhendy A, et al. Usefulness of the ejection fraction response to dobutamine infusion in predicting functional recovery after coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:1440-4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Senior R, Kaul S, Lahiri A. Myocardial viability on echocardiography predicts long-term survival after revascularization in patients with ischemic congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1848-54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Cornel JH, Bax JJ, Elhendy A, Maat AP, Kimman GJ, Geleijnse ML, et al. Biphasic response to dobutamine predicts improvement of global left ventricular function after surgical revascularization in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Implications of time course of recovery on diagnostic accuracy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1002-10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Afridi I, Kleiman NS, Raizner AE, Zoghbi WA. Dobutamine echocardiography in myocardial hibernation. Optimal dose and accuracy in predicting recovery of ventricular function after coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1995;91:663-70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Roger VL, Pellikka PA, Oh JK, Miller FAJ, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Stress echocardiography. Part I. Exercise echocardiography: Techniques, implementation, clinical applications, and correlations [see comments]. Mayo Clin Proc 1995;70:5-15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Hoffmann R, Lethen H, Marwick T, Arnese M, Fioretti P, Pingitore A, et al. Analysis of interinstitutional observer agreement in interpretation of dobutamine stress echocardiograms. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:330-6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Okeie K, Shimizu M, Yoshio H, Ino H, Yamaguchi M, Matsuyama T, et al. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction during exercise and dobutamine stress in patients with hypertrophic cardiomypathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:856-63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Ha JW, Juracan EM, Mahoney DW, Oh JK, Shub C, Seward JB, et al. Hypertensive response to exercise: A potential cause for new wall motion abnormality in the absence of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:323-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. From AM, Prasad A, Pellikka PA, McCully RB. Are some false-positive stress echocardiograms a forme fruste variety of apical ballooning syndrome? Am J Cardiol 2009;103:1434-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. From AM, Kane G, Bruce C, Pellikka PA, Scott C, McCully RB. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with abnormal stress echocardiograms and angiographically mild coronary artery disease (<50% stenoses) or normal coronary arteries. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010;23:207-14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Marwick TH, Nemec JJ, Pashkow FJ, Stewart WJ, Salcedo EE. Accuracy and limitation of exercise echocardiography in routine clinical setting. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:74-81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Fleischmann KE, Hunink MG, Kuntz KM, Douglas PS. Exercise echocardiography or exercise SPECT imaging? A meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance. JAMA 1998;280:913-20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Schinkel AF, Bax JJ, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Valkema R, Vourvouri E, et al. Long-term prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography compared with myocardial perfusion scanning in patients unable to perform exercise tests. Am J Med 2004;117:1-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Fragasso G, Lu C, Dabrowski P, Pagnotta P, Sheiban I, Chierchia SL. Comparison of stress/rest myocardial perfusion tomography, dipyridamole and dobutamine stress echocardiography for the detection of coronary disease in hypertensive patients with chest pain and positive exercise test. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:441-7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Schinkel AF, Bax JJ, Geleijnse ML, Boersma E, Elhendy A, Roelandt JR, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of ischaemic heart disease: Myocardial perfusion imaging or stress echocardiography? Eur Heart J 2003;24:789-800.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Forster T, McNeill AJ, Salustri A, Reijs AE, el-Said ES, Roelandt JR, et al. Simultaneous dobutamine stress echocardiography and technetium-99m isonitrile single-photon emission computed tomography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:1591-6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Mairesse GH, Marwick TH, Vanoverschelde JL, Baudhuin T, Wijns W, Melin JA, et al. How accurate is dobutamine stress electrocardiography for detection of coronary artery disease? Comparison with two-dimensional echocardiography and technetium-99m methoxyl isobutyl isonitrile (mibi) perfusion scintigraphy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:920-7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Geleijnse ML, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Cornel JH, Rambaldi R, Salustri A, et al. Cardiac imaging for risk stratification with dobutamine-atropine stress testing in patients with chest pain. Echocardiography, perfusion scintigraphy, or both? Circulation 1997;96:137-47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Olmos L, Dakik H, Gordon R, Dunn J, Verani M, Quinones M, et al. Long-term prognostic value of exercise echocardiography compared with exercise 201TI, ECG, and clinical variables in patients evaluated for coronary artery disease. Circulation 1998;98:2679-86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Geleijnse ML, Elhendy A. Can stress echocardiography compete with perfusion scintigraphy in the detection of coronary artery disease and cardiac risk assessment? Eur J Echocardiogr. 2000;1:12-21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Senior R, Khattar R, Lahiri A. Value of dobutamine stress echocardiography for the detection of multivessel coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:298-301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Perrone-Filardi P, Pace L, Prastaro M, Squame F, Betocchi S, Soricelli A, et al. Assessment of myocardial viability in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. Rest-4-hour-24-hour 201Tl tomography versus dobutamine echocardiography. Circulation 1996;94:2712-9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Nagueh SF, Vaduganathan P, Ali N, Blaustein A, Verani MS, Winters WL Jr, et al. Identification of hibernating myocardium: Comparative accuracy of myocardial contrast echocardiography, rest-redistribution thallium-201 tomography and dobutamine echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:985-93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Bax JJ, Poldermans D, Elhendy A, Boersma E, Rahimtoola SH. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracies of various noninvasive techniques for detecting hibernating myocardium. Curr Probl Cardiol 2001;26:147-86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Underwood SR, Bax JJ, vom Dahl J, Henein MY, Knuuti J, van Rossum AC, et al. Imaging techniques for the assessment of myocardial hibernation. Report of a Study Group of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2004;25:815-36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Bax JJ, Wijns W, Cornel JH, Viser FC, Boers MA, Fioretti PM. Accuray of currently available techniques for prediction of functional recovery after revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction do to chronic coronary artery disease: Comparison of pooled data. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1451-60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Sawada SG, Ryan T, Conley MJ, Corya BC, Feigenbaum H, Armstrong WF. Prognostic value of a normal exercise echocardiogram. Am Heart J 1990;120:49-55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Marwick TH, Shaw L, Case C, Vasey C, Thomas JD. Clinical and economic impact of exercise electrocardiography and exercise echocardiography in clinical practice. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1153-63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Nucifora G, Badano LP, Sarraf-Zadegan N, Karavidas A, Trocino G, Scaffidi G, et al. Comparison of early dobutamine stress echocardiography and exercise electrocardiographic testing for management of patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:1068-73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Garber AM, Solomon NA. Cost-effectiveness of alternative test strategies for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:719-28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Shimoni S, Zoghbi WA, Xie F, Kricsfeld D, Iskander S, Gobar L, et al. Real-time assessment of myocardial perfusion and wall motion during bicycle and treadmill exercise echocardiography: Comparison with single photon emission computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:741-7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Moir S, Haluska BA, Jenkins C, Fathi R, Marwick TH. Incremental benefit of myocardial contrast to combined dipyridamole-exercise stress echocardiography for the assessment of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2004;110:1108-13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Senior R, Lepper W, Pasquet A, Chung G, Hoffman R, Vanoverschelde JL, et al. Myocardial perfusion assessment in patients with medium probability of coronary artery disease and no prior myocardial infarction: Comparison of myocardial contrast echocardiography with 99mTc single-photon emission computed tomography. Am Heart J 2004;147:1100-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Elhendy A, O’Leary EL, Xie F, McGrain AC, Anderson JR, Porter TR. Comparative accuracy of real-time myocardial contrast perfusion imaging and wall motion analysis during dobutamine stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:2185-91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Janardhanan R, Senior R. Accuracy of dipyridamole myocardial contrast echocardiography for the detection of residual stenosis of the infarct-related artery and multivessel disease early after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:2247-52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Tsutsui JM, Elhendy A, Anderson JR, Xie F, McGrain AC, Porter TR. Prognostic value of dobutamine stress myocardial contrast perfusion echocardiography. Circulation 2005;112:1444-50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Tsutsui JM, Elhendy A, Xie F, O’Leary EL, McGrain AC, Porter TR. Safety of dobutamine stress real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:1235-42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Mahmarian JJ, Cerqueira MD, Iskandrian AE, Bateman TM, Thomas GS, Hendel RC, et al. Regadenoson induces comparable left ventricular perfusion defects as adenosine: A quantitative analysis from the ADVANCE MPI 2 trial. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:959-68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Greenberg NL, Firstenberg MS, Castro PL, Main M, Travaglini A, Odabashian JA, et al. Doppler-derived myocardial systolic strain rate is a strong index of left ventricular contractility. Circulation 2002;105:99-105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Sutherland G, Du Salvo G, Claus P, D’hooge J, Bijnens B. Strain and strain-rate imaging: A New clinical approach to quantifying regional myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004;17:788-802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Langeland S, D’Hooge J, Wouters PF, Leather HA, Claus P, Bijnens B, et al. Experimental validation of a new ultrasound method for the simultaneous assessment of radial and longitudinal myocardial deformation independent of insonation angle. Circulation 2005;112:2157-62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Amundsen BH, Helle-Valle T, Edvardsen T, Torp H, Crosby J, Lyseggen E, et al. Noninvasive myocardial strain measurement by speckle tracking echocardiography: Validation against sonomicrometry and tagged magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:789-93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Mastouri R, Mahenthiran J, Kamalesh M, Gradus-Pizlo I, Feigenbaum H, Sawada SG. Prediction of ischemic events by anatomic M-mode strain rate stress echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008;21:299-306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Choi JO, Cho SW, Song YB, Cho SJ, Song BG, Lee SC, et al. Longitudinal 2D strain at rest predicts the presence of left main and three vessel coronary artery disease in patients without regional wall motion abnormality. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10:695-701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Pislaru C, Belohlavek M, Bae RY, Abraham TP, Greenleaf FJ, Seward JB. Regional asynchrony during acute myocardial ischemia quantified by ultrasound strain rate imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1141-8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Voigt JU, Exner B, Schmiedehausen K, Huchzermeyer C, Reulbach U, Nixdorff U, et al. Strain-rate imaging during dobutamine stress echocardiography provides objective evidence of inducible ischemia. Circulation 2003;107:2120-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Hanekom L, Cho GY, Leano R, Jeffriess L, Marwick TH. Comparison of two-dimensional speckle and tissue Doppler strain measurement during dobutamine stress echocardiography: An angiographic correlation. Eur Heart J 2007;28:1765-72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Shan Y, Villarraga HR, Pislaru C, Shah AA, Cha SS, Pellikka PA. Quantitative assessment of strain and strain rate by velocity vector imaging during dobutamine stress echocardiography to predict outcome in patients with left bundle branch block. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009;22:1212-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Reant P, Labrousse L, Lafitte S, Tariosse L, Bonoron-Adele S, Padois P, et al. Quantitative analysis of function and perfusion during dobutamine stress in the detection of coronary stenoses: Two-dimensional strain and contrast echocardiography investigations. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010;23:95-103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Ishii K, Suyama T, Imai M, Maenaka M, Yamanaka A, Makino Y, et al. Abnormal regional left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Clinical significance of post-ischemic diastolic stunning. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1589-97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Ishii K, Imai M, Suyama T, Maenaka M, Nagai T, Kawanami M, et al. Exercise-induced post-ischemic left ventricular delayed relaxation or diastolic stunning: Is it a reliable marker in detecting coronary artery disease? J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:698-705.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Hoffmann R, Altiok E, Nowak B, Heussen N, Kuhl H, Kaiser H, et al. Strain rate measurement by Doppler echocardiography allows improved assessment of myocardial viability in patients with depressed left ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:443-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Bansal M, Jeffriess L, Leano R, Mundy J, Marwick TH. Assessment of myocardial viability at dobutamine echocardiography by deformation analysis using tissue velocity and speckle-tracking. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;3:121-31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Corsi C, Lang RM, Veronesi F, Weinert L, Caiani EG, MacEneaney P, et al. Volumetric quantification of global and regional left ventricular function from real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic images. Circulation 2005;112:1161-70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Ahmad M, Xie T, McCulloch M, Abreo G, Runge M. Real-time three-dimensional dobutamine stress echocardiography in assessment stress echocardiography in assessment of ischemia: Comparison with two-dimensional dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1303-9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Yang HS, Pellikka PA, McCully RB, Oh JK, Kukuzke JA, Khandheria BK, et al. Role of biplane and biplane echocardiographically guided 3-dimensional echocardiography during dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006;19:1136-43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Eroglu E, D’Hooge J, Herbots L, Thijs D, Dubois C, Sinnaeve P, et al. Comparison of real-time tri-plane and conventional 2D dobutamine stress echocardiography for the assessment of coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1719-24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Takeuchi M, Otani S, Weinert L, Spencer KT, Lang RM. Comparison of contrast-enhanced real-time live 3-dimensional dobutamine stress echocardiography with contrast 2-dimensional echocardiography for detecting stress-induced wall-motion abnormalities. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006;19:294-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest

The authors have indicated that they have no financial conflicts of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patricia A. Pellikka MD.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fine, N.M., Pellikka, P.A. Stress echocardiography for the detection and assessment of coronary artery disease. J. Nucl. Cardiol. 18, 501–515 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-011-9365-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-011-9365-0

Keywords

Navigation