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Immunomodulation in Stem Cell Differentiation into Neurons and Brain Repair

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Abstract

Immunomodulators regulate stem cell activity at all stages of development as well as during adulthood. Embryonic stem cell (ESC) proliferation as well as neurogenic processes during embryonic development are controlled by factors of the immune system. We review here immunophenotypic expression patterns of  different stem cell types, including ESC, neural (NSC) and tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and focus on immunodulatory properties of these cells. Immune and inflammatory responses, involving actions of cytokines as well as toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling are known to affect the differentiation capacity of NSC and MSC. Secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory messengers by MSC have been observed as the consequence of TLR and cytokine activation and promotion of differentiation into specified phenotypes. As result of augmented differentiation capacity, stem cells secrete angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor, resulting in multifactorial actions in tissue repair. Immunoregulatory properties of tissue specific adult stem cells are put into the context of possible clinical applications.

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Abbreviations

ESC:

Embryonic stem cells

HSC:

Hematopoietic stem cells

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cells

NPC:

Neural progenitor cells

NSC:

Neural stem cells

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Acknowledgments

H.U. acknowledges grant support by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and the Provost’s Office for Research of the University of São Paulo, Grant number: 2011.1.9333.1.3 (NAPNA-USP), Brazil. I.C.N.’s postdoctoral research is supported by a CNPq fellowship. A.T. acknowledges grant support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 1315883; BMBF 01DN13037). J.B. acknowledges support from MaDaKos (BMBF, 16N10872, 990101-088).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil

    Henning Ulrich & Isis Cristina do Nascimento

  2. Heart Center Leipzig, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cardiac Centre, University of Leipzig, Strümpellstr. 39, Leipzig, 04289, Germany

    Jozsef Bocsi & Attila Tárnok

  3. Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

    Attila Tárnok

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  1. Henning Ulrich
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  2. Isis Cristina do Nascimento
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Correspondence to Henning Ulrich or Attila Tárnok.

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Ulrich, H., do Nascimento, I.C., Bocsi, J. et al. Immunomodulation in Stem Cell Differentiation into Neurons and Brain Repair. Stem Cell Rev and Rep 11, 474–486 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-014-9556-6

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