Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Mechanisms Influencing Circadian Blood Pressure Patterns Among Individuals with HIV

  • Prevention of Hypertension: Public Health Challenges (P Muntner, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Hypertension Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

HIV+ individuals have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the mechanisms behind this association are poorly understood. While hypertension is a well-established CVD risk factor, clinic-based blood pressure (BP) assessment by itself cannot identify several important BP patterns, including white coat hypertension, masked hypertension, nighttime hypertension, and nighttime BP dipping. These BP patterns can be identified over a 24-h period by ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). In this review, we provide an overview of the potential value of conducting ABPM in HIV+ individuals. ABPM phenotypes associated with increased CVD risk include masked hypertension (i.e., elevated out-of-clinic BP despite non-elevated clinic BP), nighttime hypertension, and a non-dipping BP pattern (i.e., a drop in BP of <10 % from daytime to nighttime). These adverse ABPM phenotypes may be highly relevant in the setting of HIV infection, given that increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers, high psychosocial burden, high prevalence of sleep disturbance, and autonomic dysfunction have been commonly reported in HIV+ persons. Additionally, although antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with lower AIDS-related morbidity and CVD risk, the mitochondrial toxicity, oxidative stress, lipodystrophy, and insulin resistance associated with long-term ART use potentially lead to adverse ABPM phenotypes. Existing data on ABPM phenotypes in the setting of HIV are limited, but suggest an increased prevalence of a non-dipping BP pattern. In conclusion, identifying ABPM phenotypes may provide crucial information regarding the mechanisms underlying the excess CVD risk in HIV+ individuals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Hemkens LG, Bucher HC. HIV infection and cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(21):1373–81. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht528. Review of cardiovascular disease, risk factors, and potential mechanisms in HIV patients.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, Grinspoon SK. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(7):2506–12. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2190.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Freiberg MS, Chang CC, Kuller LH, Skanderson M, Lowy E, Kraemer KL, et al. HIV infection and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. JAMA Int Med. 2013;173(8):614–22. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.3728.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Durand M, Sheehy O, Baril JG, Lelorier J, Tremblay CL. Association between HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy, and risk of acute myocardial infarction: a cohort and nested case-control study using Quebec’s public health insurance database. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;57(3):245–53. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31821d33a5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Paisible AL, Chang CC, So-Armah KA, Butt AA, Leaf DA, Budoff M, et al. HIV infection, cardiovascular disease risk factor profile, and risk for acute myocardial infarction. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68(2):209–16. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000000419. Recent article in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study Virtual Cohort (VACS-VC) demonstrating the higher myocardial infarction risk in HIV+ individuals remaining after accounting for traditional risk factors.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Chow FC, Regan S, Feske S, Meigs JB, Grinspoon SK, Triant VA. Comparison of ischemic stroke incidence in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected patients in a US health care system. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;60(4):351–8. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31825c7f24.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Duprez DA, Neuhaus J, Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, De Wit S, et al. Inflammation, coagulation and cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected individuals. PLoS One. 2012;7(9), e44454. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044454. Original article from the Strategies for Management of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (SMART) descriving the associations between HIV status, anti-retroviral therapy, and inflammation.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Wada NI, Jacobson LP, Margolick JB, Breen EC, Macatangay B, Penugonda S, et al. The effect of HAART-induced HIV suppression on circulating markers of inflammation and immune activation. AIDS. 2015;29(4):463–71. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000000545.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sherr L, Nagra N, Kulubya G, Catalan J, Clucas C, Harding R. HIV infection associated post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth—a systematic review. Psychol Health Med. 2011;16(5):612–29. doi:10.1080/13548506.2011.579991.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Paxton KC, Myers HF, Hall NM, Javanbakht M. Ethnicity, serostatus, and psychosocial differences in sexual risk behavior among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative women. AIDS Behav. 2004;8(4):405–15. doi:10.1007/s10461-004-7325-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Catalan J, Harding R, Sibley E, Clucas C, Croome N, Sherr L. HIV infection and mental health: suicidal behaviour—systematic review. Psychol Health Med. 2011;16(5):588–611. doi:10.1080/13548506.2011.582125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lopes M, Olfson M, Rabkin J, Hasin DS, Alegria AA, Lin KH, et al. Gender, HIV status, and psychiatric disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(3):384–91. doi:10.4088/JCP.10m06304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gamaldo CE, Spira AP, Hock RS, Salas RE, McArthur JC, David PM, et al. Sleep, function and HIV: a multi-method assessment. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(8):2808–15. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0401-0.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Jean-Louis G, Weber KM, Aouizerat BE, Levine AM, Maki PM, Liu C, et al. Insomnia symptoms and HIV infection among participants in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study. Sleep. 2012;35(1):131–7. doi:10.5665/sleep.1602.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Patil SP, Brown TT, Jacobson LP, Margolick JB, Laffan A, Johnson-Hill L, et al. Sleep disordered breathing, fatigue, and sleepiness in HIV-infected and -uninfected men. PLoS One. 2014;9(7), e99258. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099258.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lebech AM, Kristoffersen US, Mehlsen J, Wiinberg N, Petersen CL, Hesse B, et al. Autonomic dysfunction in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy: studies of heart rate variability. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2007;27(6):363–7. doi:10.1111/j.1475-097X.2007.00760.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Becker K, Gorlach I, Frieling T, Haussinger D. Characterization and natural course of cardiac autonomic nervous dysfunction in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 1997;11(6):751–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Chow DC, Wood R, Choi J, Grandinetti A, Gerschenson M, Sriratanaviriyakul N, et al. Cardiovagal autonomic function in HIV-infected patients with unsuppressed HIV viremia. HIV Clin Trials. 2011;12(3):141–50. doi:10.1310/hct1203-141.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Erdogan D, Icli A, Aksoy F, Akcay S, Ozaydin M, Ersoy I, et al. Relationships of different blood pressure categories to indices of inflammation and platelet activity in sustained hypertensive patients with uncontrolled office blood pressure. Chronobiol Int. 2013;30(8):973–80. doi:10.3109/07420528.2013.790045.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kim KI, Lee JH, Chang HJ, Cho YS, Youn TJ, Chung WY, et al. Association between blood pressure variability and inflammatory marker in hypertensive patients. Circ J. 2008;72(2):293–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Veerabhadrappa P, Diaz KM, Feairheller DL, Sturgeon KM, Williamson ST, Crabbe DL, et al. Endothelial-dependent flow-mediated dilation in African Americans with masked-hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24(10):1102–7. doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.103.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Trudel X, Brisson C, Milot A. Job strain and masked hypertension. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(8):786–93. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181eaf327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Tomfohr L, Cooper DC, Mills PJ, Nelesen RA, Dimsdale JE. Everyday discrimination and nocturnal blood pressure dipping in black and white Americans. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(3):266–72. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d0d8b2.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Baguet JP, Sosner P, Delsart P, Jost S, Tamisier R, Pepin JL. 8c.08: continuous positive airway pressure is efficient to decrease blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension. Results from the Rhoosas Study. J Hypertens. 2015;33 Suppl 1:e112. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000467653.00544.5f.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Onen SH, Lesourd B, Ouchchane L, Lin JS, Dubray C, Gooneratne NS, et al. Occult nighttime hypertension in daytime normotensive older patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13(8):752–6. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2012.07.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Dauphinot V, Gosse P, Kossovsky MP, Schott AM, Rouch I, Pichot V, et al. Autonomic nervous system activity is independently associated with the risk of shift in the non-dipper blood pressure pattern. Hypertens Res. 2010;33(10):1032–7. doi:10.1038/hr.2010.130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Guasti L, Simoni C, Mainardi LT, Cimpanelli M, Crespi C, Gaudio G, et al. Circadian blood pressure variability is associated with autonomic and baroreflex-mediated modulation of the sinoatrial node. Acta Cardiol. 2005;60(3):319–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. O’Brien E, Parati G, Stergiou G, Asmar R, Beilin L, Bilo G, et al. European Society of Hypertension position paper on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens. 2013;31(9):1731–68. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328363e964. Review of the clinical evidence for the use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Piper MA, Evans CV, Burda BU, Margolis KL, O’Connor E, Whitlock EP. Diagnostic and predictive accuracy of blood pressure screening methods with consideration of rescreening intervals: an updated systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2014. doi:10.7326/M14-1539.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Samji H, Cescon A, Hogg RS, Modur SP, Althoff KN, Buchacz K, et al. Closing the gap: increases in life expectancy among treated HIV-positive individuals in the United States and Canada. PLoS One. 2013;8(12), e81355. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081355.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Aberg JA, Gallant JE, Ghanem KG, Emmanuel P, Zingman BS, Horberg MA, et al. Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with HIV: 2013 update by the HIV medicine association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(1):e1–e34. doi:10.1093/cid/cit665.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Islam FM, Wu J, Jansson J, Wilson DP. Relative risk of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. HIV Med. 2012;13(8):453–68. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.00996.x.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Khalsa A, Karim R, Mack WJ, Minkoff H, Cohen M, Young M, et al. Correlates of prevalent hypertension in a large cohort of HIV-infected women: women’s interagency HIV study. AIDS. 2007;21(18):2539–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Myerson M, Poltavskiy E, Armstrong EJ, Kim S, Sharp V, Bang H. Prevalence, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia and hypertension in 4278 HIV outpatients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;66(4):370–7. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000000168.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. De Socio GV, Ricci E, Maggi P, Parruti G, Pucci G, Di Biagio A, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rate of hypertension in HIV-infected patients: the HIV-HY study. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27(2):222–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bonjoch A, Juega J, Puig J, Perez-Alvarez N, Aiestaran A, Echeverria P, et al. High prevalence of signs of renal damage despite normal renal function in a cohort of HIV-infected patients: evaluation of associated factors. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2014;28(10):524–9. doi:10.1089/apc.2014.0172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Freitas P, Carvalho D, Santos AC, Madureira AJ, Xerinda S, Martinez E, et al. Central/peripheral fat mass ratio is associated with increased risk of hypertension in HIV-infected patients. J Clin Hypertens. 2012;14(9):593–600. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2012.00671.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Nuesch R, Wang Q, Elzi L, Bernasconi E, Weber R, Cavassini M, et al. Risk of cardiovascular events and blood pressure control in hypertensive HIV-infected patients: Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;62(4):396–404. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182847cd0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Lichtenstein KA, Armon C, Buchacz K, Chmiel JS, Buckner K, Tedaldi E, et al. Provider compliance with guidelines for management of cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013;10, E10. doi:10.5888/pcd10.120083.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Chu C, Umanski G, Blank A, Meissner P, Grossberg R, Selwyn PA. Comorbidity-related treatment outcomes among HIV-infected adults in the Bronx, NY. J Urban Health Bull N Y Acad Med. 2011;88(3):507–16. doi:10.1007/s11524-010-9540-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Crane HM, Van Rompaey SE, Kitahata MM. Antiretroviral medications associated with elevated blood pressure among patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2006;20(7):1019–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Antonello VS, Carlos Ferreira Antonello I, Grossmann TK, Tovo CV, Brasil Dal Pupo B, de Quadros Winckler L. Hypertension-an emerging cardiovascular risk factor in HIV infection. J Am Soc Hypertens JASH. 2015;9(5):403–7. doi:10.1016/j.jash.2015.03.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Friis-Møller N, Weber R, Reiss P, Thiébaut R, Kirk O, D’Arminio Monforte A, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV patients—association with antiretroviral therapy. Results from the DAD study. AIDS. 2003;17(8):1179–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Seaberg EC, Muñoz A, Lu M, Detels R, Margolick JB, Riddler SA, et al. Association between highly active antiretroviral therapy and hypertension in a large cohort of men followed from 1984 to 2003. AIDS. 2005;19(9):953–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Palacios R, Santos J, Garcia A, Castells E, Gonzalez M, Ruiz J, et al. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on blood pressure in HIV-infected patients. A prospective study in a cohort of naive patients. HIV Med. 2006;7(1):10–5. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2005.00333.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Armah KA, Chang CC, Baker JV, Ramachandran VS, Budoff MJ, Crane HM, et al. Prehypertension, hypertension, and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in HIV-infected and -uninfected veterans. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2014;58(1):121–9. doi:10.1093/cid/cit652. Original article used in Figure 1 demonstrating the difference in the association between blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomea by HIV status.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Pickering TG, Shimbo D, Haas D. Ambulatory blood-pressure monitoring. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(22):2368–74. doi:10.1056/NEJMra060433.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Duncan MJ, Bruce-Keller AJ, Conner C, Knapp PE, Xu R, Nath A, et al. Effects of chronic expression of the HIV-induced protein, transactivator of transcription, on circadian activity rhythms in mice, with or without morphine. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008;295(5):R1680–7. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.90496.2008.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Huitron-Resendiz S, Marcondes MC, Flynn CT, Lanigan CM, Fox HS. Effects of simian immunodeficiency virus on the circadian rhythms of body temperature and gross locomotor activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(38):15138–43. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707171104.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Wang T, Jiang Z, Hou W, Li Z, Cheng S, Green LA, et al. HIV Tat protein affects circadian rhythmicity by interfering with the circadian system. HIV Med. 2014;15(9):565–70. doi:10.1111/hiv.12154. Original article demonstrating HIV-related proteins are associated with circadian rhythm dyslregulation.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Thiebaut R, El-Sadr WM, Friis-Moller N, Rickenbach M, Reiss P, Monforte AD, et al. Predictors of hypertension and changes of blood pressure in HIV-infected patients. Antivir Ther. 2005;10(7):811–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Sattler FR, Qian D, Louie S, Johnson D, Briggs W, DeQuattro V, et al. Elevated blood pressure in subjects with lipodystrophy. AIDS. 2001;15(15):2001–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Pierdomenico SD, Cuccurullo F. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a review. Blood Press Monit. 2010;15(1):1–7. doi:10.1097/MBP.0b013e3283360ed1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Gardner K, Hall PA, Chinnery PF, Payne BA. HIV treatment and associated mitochondrial pathology: review of 25 years of in vitro, animal, and human studies. Toxicol Pathol. 2014;42(5):811–22. doi:10.1177/0192623313503519.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ipp H, Zemlin A. The paradox of the immune response in HIV infection: when inflammation becomes harmful. Clin Chim Acta. 2013;416:96–9. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2012.11.025.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W, De Wit S, Drummond F, Lane HC, et al. Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection. PLoS Med. 2008;5(10), e203. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050203.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Baker JV, Neuhaus J, Duprez D, Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso WH, et al. Changes in inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers: a randomized comparison of immediate versus deferred antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;56(1):36–43. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181f7f61a.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Warriner AH, Burkholder GA, Overton ET. HIV-related metabolic comorbidities in the current ART era. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2014;28(3):457–76. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2014.05.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy Study G, El-Sadr WM, Lundgren J, Neaton JD, Gordin F, Abrams D, et al. CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(22):2283–96. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa062360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Brown TT, Li X, Cole SR, Kingsley LA, Palella FJ, Riddler SA, et al. Cumulative exposure to nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors is associated with insulin resistance markers in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. AIDS. 2005;19(13):1375–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Lauritzen KH, Kleppa L, Aronsen JM, Eide L, Carlsen H, Haugen OP, et al. Impaired dynamics and function of mitochondria caused by mtDNA toxicity leads to heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015. ajpheart 00253 2014. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00253.2014.

  62. Finsterer J, Ohnsorge P. Influence of mitochondrion-toxic agents on the cardiovascular system. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2013;67(3):434–45. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.09.002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hawkins T. Understanding and managing the adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy. Antivir Res. 2010;85(1):201–9. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Babson KA, Heinz AJ, Bonn-Miller MO. HIV medication adherence and HIV symptom severity: the roles of sleep quality and memory. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2013;27(10):544–52. doi:10.1089/apc.2013.0221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Saberi P, Neilands TB, Johnson MO. Quality of sleep: associations with antiretroviral nonadherence. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2011;25(9):517–24. doi:10.1089/apc.2010.0375.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Crum-Cianflone NF, Roediger MP, Moore DJ, Hale B, Weintrob A, Ganesan A, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with sleep disturbances among early-treated HIV-infected persons. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(10):1485–94. doi:10.1093/cid/cis192.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kunisaki K, Akgun K, Fiellin D, Gibert C, Kim J, Rimland D, et al. Prevalence and correlates of obstructive sleep apnoea among patients with and without HIV infection. HIV Med. 2015;16(2):105–13. doi:10.1111/hiv.12182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Marin JM, Agusti A, Villar I, Forner M, Nieto D, Carrizo SJ, et al. Association between treated and untreated obstructive sleep apnea and risk of hypertension. JAMA. 2012;307(20):2169–76. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.3418.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Newman AB, Enright PL, Manolio TA, Haponik EF, Wahl PW. Sleep disturbance, psychosocial correlates, and cardiovascular disease in 5201 older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45(1):1–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Newman AB, Spiekerman CF, Enright P, Lefkowitz D, Manolio T, Reynolds CF, et al. Daytime sleepiness predicts mortality and cardiovascular disease in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study Research Group. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(2):115–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Wolf J, Hering D, Narkiewicz K. Non-dipping pattern of hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Hypertens Res. 2010;33(9):867–71. doi:10.1038/hr.2010.153.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Yilmaz MB, Yalta K, Turgut OO, Yilmaz A, Yucel O, Bektasoglu G, et al. Sleep quality among relatively younger patients with initial diagnosis of hypertension: dippers versus non-dippers. Blood Press. 2007;16(2):101–5. doi:10.1080/08037050701343225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Drager LF, Diegues-Silva L, Diniz PM, Bortolotto LA, Pedrosa RP, Couto RB, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea, masked hypertension, and arterial stiffness in men. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(3):249–54. doi:10.1038/ajh.2009.246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Sandoval R, Roddey T, Giordano TP, Mitchell K, Kelley C. Pain, sleep disturbances, and functional limitations in people living with HIV/AIDS-associated distal sensory peripheral neuropathy. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2014;13(4):328–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Seay JS, McIntosh R, Fekete EM, Fletcher MA, Kumar M, Schneiderman N, et al. Self-reported sleep disturbance is associated with lower CD4 count and 24-h urinary dopamine levels in ethnic minority women living with HIV. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(11):2647–53. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Yesavage JA, Kinoshita LM, Noda A, Lazzeroni LC, Fairchild JK, Friedman L, et al. Longitudinal assessment of sleep disordered breathing in Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Nat Sci Sleep. 2014;6:123–7. doi:10.2147/NSS.S65034.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Aouizerat BE, Miaskowski CA, Gay C, Portillo CJ, Coggins T, Davis H, et al. Risk factors and symptoms associated with pain in HIV-infected adults. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2010;21(2):125–33. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2009.10.003.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Chen WT, Shiu CS, Yang JP, Lee SY, Lee TS, Simoni JM, et al. Fatigue and sleep disturbance related to perceived stress in Chinese HIV-positive individuals: a mixed methods study. J AIDS Clin Res. 2013;4(6). doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000214.

  79. Borkum M, Wearne N, Alfred A, Dave JA, Levitt NS, Rayner B. Ambulatory blood pressure profiles in a subset of HIV-positive patients pre and post antiretroviral therapy. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2014;25(4):153–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Grandi AM, Nicolini E, Giola M, Gianni M, Maresca AM, Marchesi C, et al. Left ventricular remodelling in asymptomatic HIV infection on chronic HAART: comparison between hypertensive and normotensive subjects with and without HIV infection. J Hum Hypertens. 2012;26(10):570–6. doi:10.1038/jhh.2011.81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. De Socio GV, Bonfanti P, Martinelli C, Ricci E, Pucci G, Marinoni M, et al. Negative influence of HIV infection on day-night blood pressure variability. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55(3):356–60. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181e46456.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Baekken M, Os I, Stenehjem A, Sandvik L, Oektedalen O. Association between HIV infection and attenuated diurnal blood pressure rhythm in untreated hypertensive individuals. HIV Med. 2009;10(1):44–52. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00655.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Schillaci G, Maggi P, Madeddu G, Pucci G, Mazzotta E, Penco G, et al. Symmetric ambulatory arterial stiffness index and 24-h pulse pressure in HIV infection: results of a nationwide cross-sectional study. J Hypertens. 2013;31(3):560–7. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835ca949. discussion 7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Compliance with Ethics Guidelines

Conflict of Interest

Drs. Kent and Muntner report grants from Amgen. Dr. Burkholder reports grants from NIH/NHLBI and from Amgen. Drs. Tajeu and Overton declare no conflicts of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd RPBH 220, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA

    Shia T. Kent, Gabriel S. Tajeu & Paul Muntner

  2. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

    Greer A. Burkholder & E. Turner Overton

Authors
  1. Shia T. Kent
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Greer A. Burkholder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gabriel S. Tajeu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. E. Turner Overton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Paul Muntner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shia T. Kent.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Prevention of Hypertension: Public Health Challenges

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kent, S.T., Burkholder, G.A., Tajeu, G.S. et al. Mechanisms Influencing Circadian Blood Pressure Patterns Among Individuals with HIV. Curr Hypertens Rep 17, 88 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-015-0598-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-015-0598-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation